{"id":518,"date":"2025-09-14T10:40:02","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T10:40:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?page_id=518"},"modified":"2025-09-14T10:40:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T10:40:04","slug":"1-2-paleo-anthropological-evidence-from-india-with-special-reference-to-siwaliks-narmada-basin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/1-2-paleo-anthropological-evidence-from-india-with-special-reference-to-siwaliks-narmada-basin\/","title":{"rendered":"1.2: Paleo-Anthropological Evidence From India with Special Reference to Siwaliks & Narmada Basin"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Paleoanthropological Fossils from India\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Extinct group of primate that lived from about <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Family – Pongidae<\/strong><\/td>Dryopithecus <\/strong><\/td>Sivapithecus <\/strong><\/td>Gigantopithecus <\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Meaning <\/strong><\/td>Ape of Forest <\/td>Ape of Sivaliks <\/td>Giant Ape<\/td><\/tr>
Dated <\/strong><\/td>23-8 mya (Miocene, Pliocene) <\/td>14-8 mya (Siva) 12-14 mya (Rama) – <\/td>9-0.5 mya<\/td><\/tr>
Species <\/strong><\/td>D. africanus -by Leakey(C)<\/em>D. major – by Pilbeam <\/strong>(G)<\/em>D. sivalensis (now in shivapitcus) <\/em><\/td>S. punjabicus (Indian) S. urickeri (African) S. brevirostris (Chinese) <\/td>G. blacki (Chinese) G. bilaspurensis (Indian) <\/td><\/tr>
Discovery &  <\/strong><\/td>1856 – Lartet <\/strong>A low jaw from Miocene deposits of southern France Also parts of Africa, Asia, Eurpe <\/strong><\/td>1934 – Lewis<\/strong>Highly fragmented jaw from Turin village of Haritalyangar Bilaspur (HP) \u2192 Ramapithecus<\/strong>Lufang Valley (china) Rudabanya Mts (Hungary)Sivaliks<\/strong> (India) – bone of limbs, jaw Africa – Kenya – initially c\/l Kenyapithecus<\/strong><\/td>1935 – Koenigswald<\/strong> in china\u2019s medical stores Indian species – Late prof. S.R.K Chopra <\/strong>of PU (1969) –  Haritalyangar (HP)<\/strong>Chinese & Qietnamese \u2192 Blacki \u2192 middle Pleistocene <\/td><\/tr>
Ecosystem of Habitat <\/strong><\/td>inhabited both dense forest & savanna <\/td>live in forest periphery & Savannah, mostly on ground <\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Physical Features <\/strong><\/td>\u2022 Cranial Capacity – 167cc \u2022 weight – 26-33 pounds \u2022 Size – gibbon to gorilla \u2022 indication of ape simian shelf <\/strong>\u2022 large teeth, interlocking canines & diastema \u2022 Y5 <\/strong>cusp pattern – lower 3rd molar \u2022 Intermembrial Index approaching 100 \u2022 limbs not modified for brachiation, climbing or knuckle walking  except in D. Africanus <\/strong>Resemble – Man<\/u><\/strong>\u2022 hand skeleton wrt to tibia & fibula Ape Resemblance<\/u><\/strong>\u2022 smaller brain  \u2022 diastema  \u2022 longer fingers\u2022 smaller femur <\/td>\u2022 size – ~ orangutan \ud83e\udda7 \u2022 small face,\u2022 comparatively small teeth – resembles humans\u2022 canine & others don\u2019t differ in size<\/u><\/strong>\u2022 U- shaped<\/strong> dental arcade, slightly parabolic in Indian fossils \u2022 Diastema \u2022 hand skeleton reflecting – possibility of arm swinging tree branch (Vertical Clinging) – like orangutan. \u2022 opposability of halux (big toe) & capability of holding objects with hind limbs & ability to brachiate was less \u2022 foot str<\/u><\/strong> – like  \ud83e\udda7 – clear -nc of foot arches \u21a0 -ve of \ud83d\udeb6<\/td>\u2022 \u2022 \u2022 large size 6-9 ft<\/strong>\u2022 <\/strong>weight – 450 -600 pound \u2022 large teeth, large interlocking canine w\/o diastema \u2022 U shaped arcade \u2022 food habits – hard nuts & other solid foods \u2022 <\/strong>Quadruped locomotion <\/td><\/tr>
Phylogenetic Status <\/strong><\/td><\/td>Due to large similarities  with orangutan, it is now placed under Dryopithecus along with other Dryo species. \u2022 accepted to be the ancestor of  \ud83e\udda7, independent of human line of evolution <\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Conclusion <\/strong><\/td>mixed characteristic of apes & monkeys \u2192 logically give rise to present day ape or slender humans Strongest logic – Y% cusp pattern in lower third molar ; other mammals +4 cusp pattern ; <\/td>\u2022 beliefs in early 1980s apes & man separated 18-16 mya ; \u21a0 Ramapithecus<\/strong> (14 mya) – first ancestor of man \u2022 based on research proven wrong (split) & compete jaw found in 1976 (clearly Nonhominid) \u2192 now regarded as a member of shivapithcus  \u2022 close similarities w\/  \ud83e\udda7 \u2192 its ancestor \u2022 acc to recent studies ; line separated 8-6 mya so Siva can\u2019t be ancestral to man   <\/td>\u2022 Too specialised on ape & no place in the ancestry of man \u2022 status vis a vi\u2019s other not clear \u2022 extinct 0.5 mya <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

Ramapithecus – Debate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/u><\/strong> – Miocene hominid found in 1934 in Lewis<\/u><\/strong> – fragmentary a dental & jaw remains & remarked on traits that appeared to be superficial associated with early humans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • This line of reasoning later supported by L. Leakey<\/u><\/strong> on the basis of dental remains found in Kenya (Kenyapithecus<\/strong>) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Criteria used to differentiate humans from apes<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Cranial feature, <\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • post Cranial & <\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Dentition <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Until recently only dental & jaw remains belonging to Ramapithecus was available. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      New Research Stressing Non-hominid Traits of Ramapithecus<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • beliefs in early 1980s apes & man separated 18-16 mya ; \u21a0 Ramapithecus<\/strong> (14 mya) – first ancestor of man <\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • based on research proven wrong (split) & compete jaw found in 1976 (clearly Nonhominid) \u2192 now regarded as a member of shivapithcus\n
          \n
        • acc to recent studies ; line separated 8-6 mya <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Rama & shiva are similar are remarkably similar in the features of thickness of enamel of the teeth<\/strong> as well as paleo – facial features<\/strong>. The only difference is sivapithcus seems to repellent large canine radiation<\/strong>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Some paleo anthropologist argue that a form of reduced canines<\/strong> might substitute tools for  function (<\/strong>tearing, holding & defence)  & an efficient tool maker would be a erect biped with hand free for tool use. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • David Philbeam<\/u><\/strong> (modern palaeontologist) Miocene radiation complex of Dryopithcus includes Ramapithecus ; & is not hominid leading to man but is a hominiod leading to apes (mainly orangutan) <\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Now simply lump it with Sivapithecus. Also believe that was \u2640. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n

          Narmada-Man <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          Introduction<\/u><\/strong> – Narmada Man is name given to hominin fossil that was described from a broken skull specimen with upper jaw of homo erectus<\/u><\/strong>  found in the middle of Narmada Valley in Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh<\/strong> in 1982 <\/strong>by Dr. Arun Sonakia. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Significance of Discovery – <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Discovery put India on world fossil map (earlier Java Man & Peking Man were know to scholars) <\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Proved the presence of early humans in the subcontinent <\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Filled a void in our knowledge about human evolution ; as it opened new chapter in terms of hard evidence of evolution in South Asia ; as earlier there were no fossil evidence unlike Africa, where fossils were found along with stone tools. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Features of Particular Fossil<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • It was the most ancient human remnant so far discovered in Indian subcontinent  <\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Narmada Man belongs to the category of\u00a0Homo erectus<\/strong>,\n
                \n
              • Homo erectus believed to have inhabited the planet 1.8 million to 200,000 years (.2 million) ago. <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • A\/c to Bhattacharya, the fossil represent human form that had colonised India at least 400,000 years ago<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Age – around\u00a00.7 mya<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0; (~ fossil could be 50,000 to 600,000 years old)\n
                  \n
                • b\/o associated fauna, palaeomagnetic dating studies by GSI and morphological features compared with other fossils of know antiquity. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Cranium ascribed to a\u00a0female<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0at the age between\u00a025 and 30 years.<\/u><\/strong>\n
                    \n
                  • But the evidence is not even a full skul, it is rather a skull cap with a little bit of orbital roof.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Cranial Capacity – 1200 cc <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Jaw Skeleton – 7.9 X 13.4 cm <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    Cultural Features<\/u><\/strong> -As that of Homo erectus <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Phylogenetic Significance<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Recent Controvery<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • In 1987, Sankhyan discovered a collar bone from same site and in 1991 Sankhyan, Kennedy et al gave the hypothesis that Narmada man represented the earliest Homo sapiens. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • They also proposed that Narmada man was different from extinct African Homo erectus and European Neanderthal and Western Archaic Homo sapiens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • This opened up new possibilities for human evolution giving credence to theory of parallel evolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Sankhyan proposed that modern man originated and migrated from Narmada valley and disputed earlier belief that Neanderthal man was origin of Narmada man saying that Narmada hominid characterises archaic, robust and stocky hominid in sharp contrast to tall and well built African or western Homo sapiens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Later disputing separate evolutional claims of Chinese scholars, Sankhyan put forward two evolutions- one in Africa and another in Asia (Narmada valley).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • But claims of Sankhyan, Kennedy et al as Narmada man to be archaic Homo sapience was rejected in 2004 at a seminar in Delhi. It was concluded that Narmada man was an erectus with cranial capacity 1200 cc and age 0.7 Mya.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • According to some scientists, this line (Narmada man) indicates incursion of African or Chinese erectus into Indian Territory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      \n\n\n\n

                      Importance of Shiwalisks In Study of Indian Prehistory <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                      When India was assuming its present geographical and biotic features, there evolved various species of apes whose fossils are found in Shiwaliks bordering Himalayas. Their evolutionary relationship to other ape species recovered from other parts of world gave them significant place in biological history of primates and Indian pre-history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      Importance in Indian Pre-history<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • Two fossils of hominids were found in Shiwalik hills, thus is the importance of Shiwaliks for Indian Pre-history.\n
                          \n
                        • Ramapithecus<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Sivapithecus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Soan Culture<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 is located in and around Potwar Platue which is an extention of Shiwalik Hills.\n
                            \n
                          • Soan is a lower Paleolithic culture divided into pre-soan, early soan, and late soan and evolved soan. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • It is characterized by chopper-chopping and hand axe tools.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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