{"id":597,"date":"2025-09-21T03:53:55","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?page_id=597"},"modified":"2025-09-21T03:53:56","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:53:56","slug":"2-3-marriage","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2-3-marriage\/","title":{"rendered":"2.3: Marriage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definition of Marriage &#8211; It\u2019s Universality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; many \u24c5 have attempted to give a universal definition of m\u2019age but <strong>non<\/strong> satisfactorily encompass all its <strong>forms &amp; manifestations<\/strong> in a single definition b\/c though its universal it has different implications for different societies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Universal definition of m\u2019age has been matter of substantial debate in \u24b6 due to it\u2019s unique implications &amp; variance from one society to other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary Disagreement exists due to 2 school of though<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Marriage is union of man &amp; Woman<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marriage is legitimacy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Legitimacy School<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In it definition is centred around principle of legitimacy. Predominant thinker r<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Westermark<\/u> &#8211;<\/strong> He defined marriage as institution where man marry one or more woman &amp; child born as well as partners have rights, duties &amp; obligations to follow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Radcliffe Brown<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; He defined marriage as relationship not prohibited by society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Legitimate marriage is one which provides woman a socially recognised husband and her children a socially recognised father.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Criticism<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Principle of union of man &amp; woman is not considered.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Further, different types of marriages exists like\n<ul>\n<li>Woman-woman marriage : <strong>Nuers<\/strong> in Africa.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concubinage (Live-in): <strong>Jamaican<\/strong> Negros<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pre-marital relationships in youth dormitories &#8211;&nbsp; <strong>Maria Gond, Masai<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Little Husband&nbsp; &#8211; <strong>Irawas<\/strong> (kerala)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, it need not be only between man &amp; woman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Union of man &amp; Woman School<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Proposed by <strong><u>Seligman<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; who defined it in \u201c<strong>6th edition of Notes &amp; queries (1951)<\/strong>\u201d&nbsp; as Union of&nbsp; a man and a woman such that the children born to the woman are recognised as legitimate offspring of both the parents.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>criticised<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; by <strong><u>Prince peter<\/u><\/strong>, <strong><u>Edmond Leach<\/u><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>polyandrous &amp; polygamous m\u2019age were not considered; <em>&amp; points from above<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Edmond Leach<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; union word doesn\u2019t exemplify m\u2019age correctly b\/c <strong>don\u2019t lose identity<\/strong> even after m\u2019age\n<ul>\n<li>Doesn\u2019t take into a\/c plural m\u2019age\n<ul>\n<li>Male &#8211; Male M\u2019age among <strong>Chyne Indians , <\/strong>where one \uc637 have 2 wives &#8211; male &amp; <strong>transvestite<\/strong> male<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ghost m\u2019age in Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>considering complexity, only functions of marriage be specified as\n<ul>\n<li>Satisfaction of bio-physical needs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic \u0441\u043e-\u043e\u0440<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obligation towards children.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Prince Peter<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; based on study of <strong>polyandrous\/ marriages in Tibet, Nilgiri hills <\/strong>&amp; he said it should be defined by considering role performance by couple &amp; rights &amp; obligation attached to them<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Modern School<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Adopted by Anthropologist like <strong><u>Kathleen Gough,<\/u><\/strong><strong><u>Iravati Karve<\/u><\/strong> post study of society like <strong>Nayars of Kerala <\/strong>where, Sambandham, Talikattu kalyanam&#8217; exist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Gough<\/u><\/strong> defines mariage as \u201crelationship <strong>b\/w woman and <u>one or more person<\/u><\/strong> such that child born out of such situation is not prohibited from being accepted &amp; been allotted rights as available to normal members of society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Exception<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Homosexual marriages like in <strong>Azande<\/strong> (Sudan, Africa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doesn\u2019t cover <strong>concubinage in feudal china<\/strong> where full birth rights are given to children born out of it<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Practice of exhibiting compulsory sexual r\/l on trial basis in <strong>Masai tribe<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Male &#8211; Male m\u2019age<\/strong> of modern times<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Live in r\/l<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cattle m\u2019age of <strong>Bantu people<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, today due to lack of universal definition it is primarily enforced on it&#8217;s functions and characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Current Relevances<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Recently supreme Court acknowledged. &#8220;<strong>Live-in Relationships<\/strong>&#8216;, in <strong>Naz foundation Case<\/strong> \u2018<strong>Transgender rights<\/strong>&#8216; were acknowledged.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also, new types of marriages like <strong>gay marriages<\/strong> &amp; <strong>contract marriages<\/strong> are being popularised.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Thus it becomes crucial to study discipline with <strong><u>cultural Relativism<\/u><\/strong> and <strong><u>Emic approach<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Marriage : Universal Social Institution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Marriage is <strong><u>bio-psychic phenomena<\/u><\/strong> which <strong>ensures social continuity &amp; survival of society<\/strong> as it also results in <strong>enculturation<\/strong>. Thought biological &amp; socio-cultural needs puts limitation on individual &amp; increases obligations, but found in nearly all human societies. Also sexual &amp; psychological satisfaction bestowed by m\u2019age can\u2019t be ignored.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Need of Existence<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>To Check Chaos that may result because of Sexual competition<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Competition b\/c unlike other animals, human female have capacity to mate thr-out year ; not much marked sexual dimorphism \u2192 fierce comp \u2192 chaos, if not curtailed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It by proving institutionalised mating ;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Security of Mother-Newborn Combination<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Due to dependence of newborn<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; as Due to evolution from knuckles walking apes to bipedal man \u2192 change \u2192 baby grow with immature brain, <strong>thus Woman requires help <\/strong>+ before child get independent \u2192 women gets pregnant again)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This could not be possible without some <strong>binding norms<\/strong> in the form of existence of the institution of m\u2019age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; As Two needs Curtailing sexual completion &amp; supporting mother -child combo are recognised universally in all human beings. Thus m\u2019age is universal. But varies in its manifestation, Rules, characteristic &amp; functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristics of Marriage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Marriage is a universal biopsychic phenomenon existing in all societies of the world. Helps in social cohesion &amp; continuity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Marriage has following characteristics which differ from society to society<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Character of marriage<\/u><\/strong>: It explains why marriage exists &#038; its objectives.\n<ul>\n<li>Due to different <strong>explanation<\/strong> &#8211; different views\n<ul>\n<li>creation of god<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>result of ancestor&#8217;s genius.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>tells its <strong>objective<\/strong>: husband and wife.\n<ul>\n<li>gives socially recognized intimacy between<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To procreate children and perpetuate family.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To make use of woman&#8217;s economic functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mate choice<\/u><\/strong>: Different options are there in mate choice i.e spouse selection\n<ul>\n<li>Free to select the mate \u2192 thr love, sexual desire, Attracted by personal qualities of the spouse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not free to select &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>due to size of bride price demanded or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>status of spouse&#8217;s kin group or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Levirate\/ Sororate obligation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Functional transactions<\/u><\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>Bride price<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bride service<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dowry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gift exchange<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ceremonials<\/u><\/strong> : diversity in diff societies.\n<ul>\n<li>Ritual observances such as fasting, drinking, singing etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elaborate ceremonies such as betrothal ceremony, ring ceremony. wedding ceremony, virginity test etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Residence<\/u><\/strong>: It may be patilocal, matrilocal, bilocal, neolocal, avuncolocal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Authority in family<\/u><\/strong> : It may be patriarchy, matriarchy, avunco- potestality. etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Stability of union<\/u><\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Weak union- easy divorce<\/u><\/strong>. Found in some non-literate societies. As many spouses lead to weak union<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Strong union<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; found in some modern societies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Divorce<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Simple in some societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Highly complex in some\n<ul>\n<li>alimony &amp; maintenance also new norms&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Remarriage <\/strong>&#8211; also diff<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong>Thus characteristics of marriage give detail nature of the marriage system and tell about its variations the world over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Functions of Marriage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Marriage is a vital social institution. It perform in pot at function &amp; Various laws \/ regulation like proscriptive, prescriptive &amp; preferential regulate m\u2019age &amp; ensure societies\u2019s&nbsp; survival, continuity &amp; effectiveness. These function are (<em>add examples in all )<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Biological Function<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Reproduction<\/u><\/strong> i.e continuity of human race &amp; society thr channelised reproduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legitimate mode of <strong><u>sexual gratification<\/u><\/strong> &amp; permanent mating<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulates &amp; socially validates long term legitimate sexual relation e.g Nayar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Economic Function<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Division of Labour<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Individual (\u2642 &amp; \u2640) &amp; society level E.g <strong>Tibetan &amp; khasa<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Economic control<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Economic control over spouse\u2019s labour &amp; property<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Economic cooperation B\/w \u2642&amp; \u2640<\/u> &#8211;&nbsp; <\/strong>Ensure survival of individual in society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide economic substances to group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Legal Function<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; providing legitimacy to offspring<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Emotional Function<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Providing platform for psychological &amp; emotional cooperation between the couple &amp; between families of bride &amp; groom.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Social Functions<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Foundation of institution of family \u2192 propagation of family \u2192 society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alliance theory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>widening network of social r\/l \u2192 ensuring various kinds of co-op &amp; <strong>acquisition of new kin groups<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Impacting Socialisation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Education<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Enculturation <\/strong>of child &#8211; longest period of dependency in human infant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Case Study<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>Rivera<\/u> About Group Marriage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>As marriage perform many above cited functions . Which can\u2019t be performed by an other group. Also as group m\u2019age can\u2019t lead to establishment of well &#8211; defined family. \u2192 so Acc to <strong>River<\/strong> this form of m\u2019age never existed in any society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Thus these functions of m\u2019age make m\u2019age a universal social institution. Also, it perform other different function in diff societies according to needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Laws of Marriage &#8211; Marriage Regulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; M\u2019age is one of the oldest social institution existing since time of <strong>H.Erectus<\/strong>. Due to it\u2019s variability of term in diff social groups \u2192 different society have established regulations \/ set of rules. These rules influence the nature, str &amp; functions of m\u2019age to considerable extent. Violence of these rule invites punishment. This ensure social stability &amp; perpetuity of institution of m\u2019age<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Classification M\u2019age rules<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Proscriptive Rules<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; direct <strong>whom a person should not marry<\/strong>. I.e put some prohibition on mating These rules in every society manifest in form of\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>incest Taboos<\/u><\/strong> i.e prohibition on mating in consanguineously related individuals. E.g Mother-Son, Father- daughter, brother sister<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hypergamy &amp; Hypo-gamy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Prescriptive Rules<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; direct whom a person <strong>can marry<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>These rules regulate m\u2019age thr prohibition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Violation invites punishment \/ sanctions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in form of <strong>Endogamy &amp; Exogamy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Preferential Rules<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Not prescribed by society it desired or preferred<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>define whom an individual <strong>can prefer to marry.<\/strong> In it prefer certain categories of relatives over other for m\u2019age&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No Sanction \/ punishment, but <strong>ridicule or resentment<\/strong> may be there<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong> (<em>more details in types of m\u2019age)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Primary Preferential M\u2019age &#8211; <strong>cousin m\u2019age<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Cross Cousin<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Parallel Cousin<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary Preferential M\u2019age\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Levirate<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sororate<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Needham<\/u><\/strong> describes 2 set of rules (Preferential &amp; Prescriptive)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>some \u24c5 includes <strong>incest<\/strong> as proscriptive rule but Needham puts it in <strong>Family Exogamy.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Incest Taboo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction &#8211; Inces<\/u><\/strong>t : Acc to <strong>Seligman (1950) <\/strong>Incest is <strong>sexual intercourse between individuals related in certain prohibited degrees of kinship\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;(Notes and Queries. 1951:113). Or sexually activity between consanguineously related individuals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Though some exceptions, but it is largely taboo in all societies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Incest Taboo :Meaning &amp; Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>it is the rule of prohibition of sexual relationship among certain primary kins.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As it is rule of regulating sexual relationship\/ prohibition, it is different from Exogamy, which is rule of m\u2019age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Incest As Rule<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>In Primitive Society<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; associated with fear of supernatural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Modern Society<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; taboo is justified on the ground of morality &amp; not on basis of superstition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Exception<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Brother sister m\u2019age among <strong>Traditional Hawaiian Society &#8211; Incuan<\/strong> &amp; <strong>Egyptian Royal Family <\/strong>e.g Cleopatra of Egypt was product of incest as it was common in <strong>Ptolemaic dynasty <\/strong>due to <strong><u>economic<\/u><\/strong> &amp; <strong><u>religious reason<\/u><\/strong>s (Pharaoh member &#8211; status as god)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Peru<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kachin Tribeman<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; mating with sister or daughter in incestuous but with mother is adulterous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Lakher of Myanmar<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Half sibling with same mother can have sexual relation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Scholars View<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Levi Strauss (1969)<\/u><\/strong> : Taboo \u21d4 code \u2192 extension of kinship terminology which governs &amp; directs movement of woman b\/w m\u2019age alliance network<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Needham<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; there is no thing as IT (statement) &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>He gave above quoted examples to support his statement &#8211; which all are exceptions not rule. Rule is incest taboo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Write about theories<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Conclusion &#8211; what he experienced is exception &amp; incest taboo is feature of most of the societies of world.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Theories Explaining Existence of Incest Taboo<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Childhood Association Thoery<\/u><\/strong> : Edward <strong><u>Westermarck (1891)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Argued that : Overfamiliarity leads to sexual disinterest<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Associated from childhood \u2192 Not sexually attracted \u2192 avoid sexual relation (c\/a <strong>Wastermarck Effect<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence supporting &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kibbutz<\/u><\/strong> studied by <strong><u>Yaninga salmon<\/u><\/strong> in book (<strong>Family &amp; community in the Kibbutz<\/strong>)\n<ul>\n<li>investigated m\u2019age pattern of 2nd gen of 3 well estd. kibbutz in <strong>israel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Children reared in commune not only avoided m\u2019age, but also sexual r\/l<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Tang Yang Hsi<\/u><\/strong> By <strong><u>Aurther wolf<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Study on <strong>chinese<\/strong> in N. Taiwan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>custom c\/l &#8216;<strong>Tang Yang Hsi<\/strong>&#8216; would be daughter-in-law raised from childhood result \u2192&nbsp; unsuccessful m\u2019age most of time due to childhood familiarity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Criticism of theory &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Doesn&#8217;t explain why societies have to prohibit m&#8217;age that can be avoided by disinterest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why not applied on first cousin m\u2019age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even m\u2019age invariably result in absolute intimacy &amp; familiarity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Psychodynamic Theory<\/u><\/strong> :\u00a0 <strong><u>Sigmund Freud<\/u><\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>strong <strong>erotic<\/strong> impulses experienced within family (primarily by boy for his mother) \u2192 hostility to wards father. \u2192 <strong>Oedipus Complex.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I.T-\u2192 reaction to unconscious impulses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>criticism &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Parker (1976)<\/u><\/strong>: among non human primate over long period \u2192 No mother son r\/l<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nor does it a\/c for why parents shouldn\u2019t be interested in committing incest with their children<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Family disruption theory<\/u> : <\/strong><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>sexual competion among family \u2192&nbsp; rivalry &amp; tension \u2192 family can\u2019t funn as effective unit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To curtail this competition \u2192 I.T<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>criticism<\/u><\/strong>&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Why society would have set another rules&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why would brother sister incest be so dispuptive, as it existed in ancient Egypt&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Family Cooperation Theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 &#8211; <strong><u>Taylor<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>proposed by taylor, elaborated by <strong><u>Levi Strauss <\/u><\/strong>(<strong>alliance theory<\/strong>)&nbsp; &amp; <strong><u>Leslie white.<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taylor :\u00a0 IT \u2192\u00a0 answer to choice b\/w marrying out or being killed out due to suspicion &#038; hostility towards others groups\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u201cBreed out or Perish\u201d \u2192 Band Exogamy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>theory emphasis on use of I.T. as to promote co-op among family group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Inbreeding Theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 &#8211; <strong><u>Morgan<\/u><\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Focus on potentially damaging consequences of Inbreeding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Morgan : early homo noticed <strong>abnormal offspring <\/strong>from Incestous unions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biological weakness<\/strong> of close kin m&#8217;age was reason for I.T.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Evidence supporting<\/u> &#8211; <u>Raymond firth<\/u><\/strong>: study on <strong>Toikopia<\/strong> Living in <strong>south pacific<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>idea of <strong>Marai<\/strong> \u2192 barreness, illness &amp; ultimately death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>suggest: Though primitives donot tot have knowledge of inbreeding, they had idea<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Criticism<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Why some societies prefer endogamy even parallel cousin marriage ?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>only harmful when harmfull recessive genotypes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Point supporting Inbreeding Thoery<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Proportion of negative recessive traits to adaptive recessive traits is very high<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In pre-sceintific people there were two groups ; one with incest taboo had reproductive advantage so other died out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Animals species prevent incest by throwing out young once they reach maturity. But human take long time for maturity. Thus instent taboo (IT) is only efficient <strong>cultural solution<\/strong> which maintain genetic variability, Family harmony &amp; Community Co-operation, so combination of socio-functional &amp; inbreeding theory highlights its relevance. Its advantage can explain the spread &amp; persistence, it not theories of origin.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Endogamy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Intro<\/u>d<u>uction<\/u> &#8211; <u>McLemban (1970)<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; in &#8220;<strong>primitive m&#8217;age<\/strong>&#8221; introduced term endogamy &amp; exogamy. In it he also opposed <strong>L.H Morgan<\/strong>\u2019s scheme of linking type of m\u2019age to evolutionary stages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; &#8211; Practice of m\u2019age within one&#8217;s own social group. I.e it refers to the expectation that a marriage partner will be chosen from within the social group of which one is member.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; tribal Endogamy, Caste endogamy,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Toda<\/strong> &#8211; Moiety Endogamy &#8211; i.e <strong><u>Toda in India<\/u><\/strong> are divided into two endogamous moiety&nbsp; (each of <strong>Moiety has no. Of clan<\/strong> which practice exogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong> : It varies from society to society.&nbsp; Any accepted social grouping \u2192 boundary of endogamy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kindred endogamy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; within Kindred, but beyond incest boundary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religious endogamy<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; universally enforced. eg- castes&nbsp; in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Local &amp; Ethnic endogamy<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 Preservation of cohesion in Community<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Thr endogamy&nbsp; \u2192 social group &#8211; aims to <strong>preserve<\/strong> constitutive elements (power, wealth, Religion , language) &amp; pass to generations \u2192 perpetuate existence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourages group affiliation &amp; bonding&nbsp; greater control over group resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common practice among <strong>displanted culture <\/strong>attempting to make roots in new countries. eg- <strong>Yazidi<\/strong> (<strong>N. Iraq<\/strong>), <strong>Parsi<\/strong> (India)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ironically, endogamy \u2192 can <strong>lead to group extinction<\/strong> rather than Survival. \u2192&nbsp; Same gene pool \u2192 disease. eg.- <strong>samaritan&#8217;s<\/strong> (palestine &amp; Israel)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reasons<\/u><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Retention of cuttural identity. (Girl from outside \u2192&nbsp; hybridisation \u2192&nbsp; harm toc)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Concern of Magic<\/u><\/strong> : fear psychosis consider outside girls as notorious of magic (black magic) eg-<strong>Thary<\/strong> (Tarai), <strong>Korwa<\/strong> (Mirajpur)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintaining close hierarchical social structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To maintain purity of group<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To prevent intermixing of biological traits which are unknown.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exogamy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction &#8211; <strong><u>McLemban (1970)<\/u><\/strong> introduced in &#8220;<strong>primitive m&#8217;age<\/strong>&#8221; introduced term endogamy &amp; exogamy. In it he also opposed <strong>L.H Morgan<\/strong>\u2019s scheme of linking type of m\u2019age to evolutionary stages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; prohibition of m&#8217;age union within Specific group i.e refers to the expectation that a marriage partner will be chosen from the social group of which one is not a member.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Examples<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>eg- <strong>Todas<\/strong> \u2192 clan exogamy. <strong>Oraons<\/strong> (chotanagpur) \u2192 village exogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Origin of exogamy or Advantage<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>often theorised developed as extension of incest taboo, covering various relatives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>McLennan (1970)<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; scarcity of women -obliged man to seek woman outside their clans<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Taylor (1889)<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 Political alliance for maintaining peace with other bands. (<strong>Cooperation theory<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Frazer<\/u><\/strong> &#8220;Totemism &#038; Exogamy&#8221; (1910)\n<ul>\n<li>Assam &amp; Africa \u2192 chief of exogamous tribes \u2192&nbsp; marries within tribe but if pretty women \u2192 then outside<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Audrey Richards<\/u><\/strong> : hunter &amp; gatherers \u2192 constant food scarsity \u2192&nbsp; female infenticide lack \u2192 bring outside woman<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May be intended to prevent the harmful health effects of inbreeding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Herbert Risley<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; the desire to have a <strong>variety in life<\/strong> has influenced people to seek ties with strangers &amp; this had led to exogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Vary from society to society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Biological exogamy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Relatively less genetically related partners. ie. Outbreeding&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Benefits &#8211; avoid defective genes&nbsp; &amp; genetic diversty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Socio cultural exogamy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>specific clan, totem, class etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Levi Strauss<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 <strong><u>Alliance theory<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 build alliance\n<ul>\n<li>restricted exchange<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 <strong><u>Role theory <\/u><\/strong>\u2192&nbsp; To avoid confusion &amp; Conflict over role &amp; prevent social order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hypergamy (Anuloma)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>It is&nbsp; norm or practice of person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. Thus it is a type of <strong>preferential marriage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>i.e Wife Receiver is superior than wife giver.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reason<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; found in society where notion of hierarchy prevails. E.g caste system in India make society stratified \u2192 limits on choice of spouse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/81d3824c-a2fa-6f28-c615-2f090c7138c1\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>If women \u2192&nbsp; high caste \u2192&nbsp; marries low caste man loses caste status \u2192 beoz e degree of ritual purity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But man \u2192 does not looses by marying low caste woman \u2192&nbsp; though his children would suffer partial lowering from father&#8217;s caste status<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>extravagent dowry accompany the bride ; to superior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, to prevent woman losing a caste &#038; become impure\n<ul>\n<li>Many &amp; other ancient law givers Prescribed <strong>Anuloma<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mechanism as to prevent hindu ideological equivalent gene pool from<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In return, wife giver, does not expect wive themselves but they, <strong>improve for their rank &amp; prestige, <\/strong>found in society where reflected the <strong><u>commensalism<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus also <strong>strategy by subcastes to improve rank.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; practised in history in India, imperial china, ancient greece, ottomon empire, federal europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Consequences<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>consolidate affinal relationship &amp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>create system of assymetrica m\u2019age alliance.\n<ul>\n<li>Woman accumulated at top of hierarchy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where infanticide, polygyny, enforced Spinsterhood &amp; m\u2019age at far away would ensure a demand of woman from below<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus it reflects socio-economic condition in general &amp; poor condition of women in population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hypogamy (Pratiloma)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It a form of marriage norm or practice or marring a spouse of lower caste (or social status) than oneself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>not permitted due to social consequence of such m\u2019age (esp for woman to Mary low caste man<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Explained by <strong><u>Edmond Leach<\/u><\/strong>for <strong>Kachin of Burma<\/strong> &amp; some part of India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u2019age payment<\/strong> from wife receive to wife giver but&nbsp; <strong>but <\/strong>wife receiver will not elevate his status or prestige<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creates permanent status differences b\/w wife giver &amp; receiver.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leach<\/strong> links this <strong>form of anisogamy<\/strong> to his <strong>Theory of Harmonic &amp; Disharmonic Regimes<\/strong> claiming that hypo-gamy creates instability in patrilineal system. He represent hypo-gamy as structural phenomenon which represents tension b\/w maternal &amp; paternal ties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Consequences of Such System<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Brahmin Girls<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; either give huge dowries or choose b\/w polygyny or spinsterhood \/ bachelorhood\n<ul>\n<li>E.g <strong><u>Kulin Brahmin (WB)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Young men took several wives &amp; vista them in their houses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If problem of financial insolvency then spinsterhood only option for girls.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Lower Caste Men (Sudra)<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; High bride price\n<ul>\n<li>Males \u2192 either pay huge bride price or choices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evolution of m\u2019age by capture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Hypogamy Taboo<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Not permitted due to social consequences of such m\u2019age<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Result of Hypogamy Taboo<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Huge dowries for marrying out a daughter in higher caste family<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polygamy &amp; forced spinsterhood in Brahmins Families<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dislike for female child in higher castes <\/strong>&amp; consequent <strong>female infanticide<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Though prohibited in ancient times, but some evidences are there. Eg Mention in Vedas about m\u2019age of <strong>daughter of Shukracharya, Devyani <\/strong>was allowed with <strong>Kshtriya King Yayati <\/strong>(lower caste Man)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types &amp; Forms of Marriage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Marriage is universal institution in humanity but its from varies from society to society. Broadly three types of marriage are found which are based<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Based on no. Of supposes<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Monogamy<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Polygamy<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Polyandry<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Fraternal or Adelhie Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-Fraternal or Non-Adelphic Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Familial Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Based on Rules<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Prescriptive Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Exogamy , Endogamy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Preferential Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Cousin Marriage, Levirate &amp; Sororate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Based on rarity<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monogamy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It refers to marriage in which one husband &amp; one wife are tied with marital bond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/f2f9f115-ad7c-0993-84d2-8470385b7c30\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is found mainly in modern or complex societies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Khasi, Santhal &amp; kadar <\/strong>&#8211; due to rules of mating<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features &amp; Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Family stability &amp; equilibrium are advantage of monogamy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic &amp; population factors in the society tend to limit the number of spouses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preferential or prescribed forms of mating limit the no of possible marital linkage e.g Khasi, Santhal &amp; Kadar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High rate of bride price \u2192 limits no of spouse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is monogamy characterising the western society\n<ul>\n<li>Consist of pattern of m\u2019age, divorce &amp; another m\u2019age i.e <strong><u>One at a time<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus although an Individual is married to only one person a time, over a numbers of year he\/she may have had no of spouses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non &#8211; Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It refers to life time monogamy\n<ul>\n<li>Mostly in hindu society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polygamy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It refers to a marriage to more than one person i.e plurality of husbands &amp; wives in marital bonds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/380e2494-e33c-b160-5fca-cb65787a93a4\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; it is fairy widespread all over the world ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In tribal Indian<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Polygyny<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; it refers to marriage in which one common husband is engaged in marital ties with more than one wife.\n<ul>\n<li>Features of such societies &#8211; hunter gathers, frequent warfare, primitive agri, horticulture &amp; high role of women in subsistence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; The <strong>Baiga, Naga, Gonds &amp; Toda, Naga<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In Pre independent Bengal, practice of Hypergamy leas to polygyny<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More wives in <strong>Nagas<\/strong> \u2192 status symbol \u2192 heroism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More women \u2192 \u2191 child \u2192 more labour i.e Economic pragmatism ; <strong>African tribes<\/strong> &amp; <strong>central Indian tribes<\/strong> like <strong>Santhal<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types of Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; marriage in which a man is married to two nor more sisters. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/f1c9598e-caea-d21f-0ce6-6190ef9d95a5\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; marriage in which wives are not related as sisters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Polyandry<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; it refers to marriage in which more than one\u00a0 husbands are engaged in marital ties with a single common wife.\n<ul>\n<li>Found mainly in societies with female infanticide, minimum role in subsistence &amp; mainly involved in childbearing &amp; socialisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In Society with high bride price<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is comparatively restricted in its distribution\n<ul>\n<li>Found in Central &amp; NE Himalayan religion or less whole in the <strong>Himalayan region <\/strong>of N-W to Eastern Himalaya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tribes<\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Tibetans, Khasa, Toda, Ladakhi bota &amp; Nayar<\/strong> etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Adelphic \/ Fraternal Polyandry<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when serval brothers share same wife <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/e9d5317c-f04c-49b4-252b-9fa2946fc858\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tibetan &amp; Khasa of Jaunsar &#8211; Dehradoon &#8211; <\/strong>Due to economic reasons ; to avoid population pressure on &#038; division of land as scarcity of land. Eldest bro marry &#038; girl automatic wife of all\n<ul>\n<li>In this fatherhood goes to eldest brother<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toda &#8211; <\/strong>due to religious regions belief of female infanticide prevalent \u2192 sacrificed to goddess \u2192 female imbalance\n<ul>\n<li>Fatherhood <strong>voluntary<\/strong> ; performer of <strong><u>bow &amp; arrow ceremony<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ladakhi Bota<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non-Fraternal or Non-Adelphic Polyandry<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; here husband are not brothers of each other\n<ul>\n<li>E.g <strong>Nayar of Kerala &#8211; <\/strong>are <strong>matrilineal warrior tribe<\/strong> \u2192 \u2642 on frontier \u2192 adult \u2640 after formally tieiing knot with ritual husband can havae r\/l with other males c\/l <strong>visiting husband.<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Ritual husband enjoy status of father<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Familial Polyandry<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; A female married to father &amp; some simultaneously&nbsp; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/9efaa127-3ec9-58d1-065b-77dee6f6ac20\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cousin Marriages<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the marriage b\/w <strong>children of siblings of same sex<\/strong> i.e marriage of offspring of persons of same gender of same generation having common parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/e63a71f9-1108-6f43-cf37-78ea91803a2d\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Paternal Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; m\u2019age with father\u2019s brother\u2019s daughter\n<ul>\n<li>Although parallel cousins m\u2019age are <strong>very rate,<\/strong> even among them Paternal parallel cousins m\u2019age are common.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Maternal Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; m\u2019age with mother\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; prohibited in 80% to 85% of societies of world due to rules of incest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Largely <strong>confined to Arabic World.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also found in Central Indian Tribes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reason<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; As in pastoral life, conflict b\/w group &amp; theft of animals common ; so such m\u2019age<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>by consolidating the group &#8211; \u2191 survival of groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic pragmatism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Retention of purity of blood&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cross Cousin Marriage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is types of m\u2019age b\/w children of sibling of opposite sex i.e m\u2019age between offspring of persons of diff genders of same generation having common patent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/b1527fb2-82fe-1656-b8d8-e77cb99771a3\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Paternal Cross Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; m\u2019age with <strong>father\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter<\/strong> e.g <strong>Chippewa Indians<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Maternal Cross Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; m\u2019age with mother\u2019s brother\u2019s daughter e.g <strong>Lovedu<\/strong> of South Africa, <strong>Kachin<\/strong> of Burma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Examples<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Discontinuously distributed all over the world &amp; very common in South India.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gonds, Bhils, Mikir (Assam) , Chippewa Indian<\/strong>s etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Permanent &amp; closer relationships ; Tribal societies \u2192 close socio-economic co-op<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Return of bride money <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/78b26cbd-e7b8-d2ac-2f8c-59418bf8c437\">\n<ul>\n<li>among <strong><u>Gonds<\/u><\/strong>, Known as <strong>Dudh Lotwana<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levirate &amp; Sororate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These two types of m\u2019age rules involve special cases of m\u2019age regulation. They go into effect following the <strong>death of one of the spouses<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs with polygyny, patrilocal residence &amp; patrilineal descent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sometimes it is the natural extension of sororal polygamy e.g <strong>Arapaho<\/strong> &amp; other plains of Middle East<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levirate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the practice of marrying <strong>decreased husband\u2019s brother.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/45279d8b-a7e8-971a-995a-e682d5a5e621\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It\u2019s a kind of secondary m\u2019age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>need for a legal heir for the decreased if the primary concern\n<ul>\n<li>A man\u2019s exercise with his levirate duties establishes his claim on his deceased brother\u2019s property.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It often coincides with polygyny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ensures<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Permanent relations &amp; alliance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stops return of bride price<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Question of children upbringing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right over decreased bro\u2019s property<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Widow ; socio-Economic support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuity of line if man dies childless.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Examples<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Very much common in Middle East<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>e.g <strong>Santhal, ho Saora, Bhuiya, Manda<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Junior Levirate<\/u><\/strong> -Special type of Levirate when the <strong>m\u2019age of the deceased brother\u2019s wife<\/strong> is restricted to younger brother.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sororate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sororate is Complementary to the practice of levirate. It is the practice of <strong>marrying sister of deceased wife.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/587b8440-a654-4ecd-d590-73c0c9c39ae6\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Term also applies when husband of childless woman is given to her sister for m\u2019age in which children born to 2nd are considered as children of childless women.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Serve useful Social function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ensure that man who has handed over the Bride price shall have a privilege he is entitled to, like the services of a wife.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gond &amp; Kharia Tribe<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arapaho &amp; other plains of Middle East<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rare Types of Marriage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uncle Niece Marriage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the practice of marriage deceased wife\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/2a545273-ae1a-1f95-b696-ddddb4a9536b\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>E.g Among South Indian Tribes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sister Exchange or Exchange of Females<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this practice a sister or female relatives of the groom is exchanged for the bride.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/3758745a-5c64-9e64-f73d-7e4e91e76bf2\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In horticultural, egalitarian societies the <strong>contribution of women is highe<\/strong>r &amp; hence a woman is compensated for other<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also when economic aspects dominate, like in societies with dowry \/bride price, compensation has to be paid for women i.e <strong>Compensatory device in terms of bride price<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ex. Horticultural, egalitarian societies like <strong>TIV of West Africa &amp; Yanamamo of Venezuela<\/strong> &#8211; Brazil have high status of women<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex &#8211; <strong>Nirankaris<\/strong> have sister exchange&nbsp; Due to economic aspect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eg. <strong>Urulis, Malapunduram<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fictive Marriage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ghost &amp; Mono-sexual m\u2019age among African tribes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>e.g &#8211; Rodi Marriage Among Gurung Tribe, Nuer Tribe&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adoptive Marriage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the practice in which the <strong>family adopt son in law as son<\/strong> &amp; marry daughter to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>e.g ins one Families in <strong>Japan<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Group Marriage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This concept is related to <strong>primitive promiscuity for sexual communism. <\/strong>It refers to a type of m\u2019age in which the right &amp; obligation of m\u2019age r\/l are held in common among the group men &amp; women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>it is m\u2019age of two or more women with two or more men at a time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I.e the marriage in which sets of males &amp; sets of females share equal rights over each other,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Marquesans of Polynesia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Origin<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Classical evolutionist, <strong><u>L.H Morgan<\/u><\/strong> held that this was the earliest form of m\u2019age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As Group m\u2019age can\u2019t lead to the establishment of well-defined family, so many \u24c5 like <strong><u>Rivers<\/u><\/strong> argued this form of m\u2019age never existed in any society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion of Types of M\u2019age<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; To conclude it can be said that m\u2019age is universal biopsychic phenomenon which serves different purposes. Though different types of marriage exist, monogamy is the commonest type of m\u2019age in today\u2019s modern society.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ways of Acquiring Spouse In Primitive Societies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Tribes have variety of ways of mate acquirement. As consider m\u2019age as social &amp; civil contract, many don\u2019t perform religious ceremonies for <strong>solemnisation<\/strong> of m\u2019age. <strong><u>Majumdar<\/u><\/strong> has listed following 8 ways<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Probationary Marriage<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>practice of courtship before m\u2019age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Groom are probationer in brides\u2019s house\n<ul>\n<li>Lives for months \u2192 if both likes each other \u2192 Mary<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If m\u2019age not solemnised ; groom \u2192 compensate bride\u2019s father<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Kuki tribe (MN, NG), <\/strong>aka <strong>Raazi Khushi M\u2019age (Chotanagpur)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Capture<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In this ; boy &amp; girl knows each other, but m\u2019age not possible due to either due to parent\u2019s resistance or inability to pay bride price \u2192 capture only way out<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often prearranged &amp; takes place in fares, festivals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mock fight b\/w both groups \u2192 bride\u2019s group pretend to resist<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Symbolise valour &amp; chivalry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Naga \u2192 <\/strong>Physical capture by raid, <strong>Konda, Bhumiya, Birhor, Juang<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Tribal<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In it courage &amp; bravery of boy is appreciated &amp; recognised<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Bhils (MP) <\/strong>&#8211; on Holi day ; bachelors &#038; spinsters meet at field <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/c75dce7c-9e1f-1012-de9f-7ae85e454085\">\n<ul>\n<li>Boys try to enter&nbsp; thr girls group &amp; eat gur from pole \u2192 if success \u2192 boy will chose girl from group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Purchase<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Prevalent in <strong>matrimonial<\/strong>&nbsp; tribes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bride price to bride\u2019s father ; decided thr negotiation ; amt has status symbol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many times loan taking on exorbitant rates of interest from money lenders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Kondh, Juang, Ho, Munda ; Renghma Nagas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Service<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>If unable to pay bride price ; solution to higher bride price<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>groom serve in Would be father -in-law\u2019s home ; varies the girl after lapse of specific period (varies)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gond &amp; Baiga <\/strong>&#8211; call boy- <strong>Lamini &amp; Lamena<\/strong> respectively<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For <strong>Purum of Manipur <\/strong>only genuine way of matrimony<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Birhor <\/strong>father in law \u2192 lend money ; to pay bride price ; until repay stay in in-laws home &amp; do service ; period varies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhil <\/strong>&#8211; if unable to repay &#8211; service for 7 yrs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>Kuki<\/strong> &#8211; may serve for max period of 2-3 years .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Evolved as Mean of avoiding payments of Bride price<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If boys &amp; girl of marriage able age&nbsp; available in two families<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Kondh, Saora, Juang, Santhal <\/strong>but Khasi (MG) don\u2019t permit<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Elopement<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Unmarried boys &amp; girls \u2192 dormitory life &amp; involves in sexual relation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If parents don\u2019t give permission for m\u2019age \u2192 flees away<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But accepted back in societies or parents search them &amp; arrange m\u2019age ; bride price easily avoided<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Choto Nagpur region &#8211; as Udra-Udri Cholki<\/strong> practise ; <strong>Juang, Santhal, Kodha, Saora<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Intrusion<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>reverse of by capture, girl &#8211; express desire to marry man &amp; goes to his family &amp; stay<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even if resisted \u2192 forcefully stays despite non-acceptance of the \u2642\n<ul>\n<li>In the process subjected to ; humiliation, physical torture, denied food<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stays till accepted (if passes humiliation) \u2192 m\u2019age performed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>widely in Birhor &amp; Ho (chota Nagpur) also in Juang, Kondh, Bhuiya<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>By Mutual Consent<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Formally performed by marriage by mutual consent of concerned parties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the result o contact with Hindus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Marriage Payments (Bride Wealth &amp; Dowry)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction &#8211;&nbsp; Marriage is Biopsychological phenomenon with social funn. Economic aspect also related to it in form of m\u2019age Payments. Different types of m\u2019age payments are dowry, bride wealth, suitor service, Gift exchange &amp; sister exchange. These have many socio-economic significance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Marriage Payments<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/b80deff5-6a70-6821-7f39-110e7ca83df2\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Dowry<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>substantial transfer of goods &amp; money from <strong>bride family to bride.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negative reciprocity<\/strong>\u00a0 in which bride &#038; payment moves in same direction.\n<ul>\n<li>I.e not a exchange b\/w kins of bridegroom but one way flow<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However can be <strong>general balanced reciprocity<\/strong> when used for groom\u2019s sister\u2019s m\u2019age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Types of property involves varies tremendously&nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; Personal possessions , Money, Servants , Land<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social&nbsp; condition under which dowry exists<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>women contribute less to primary subsistence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>high degree of social stratification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monogamy \u2192 man not allowed move than wife simulteneously..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Theories explaining existence<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>dowries in lieu of right of Inheritance from father&#8217;s estate. (<strong>Goody &amp; Tambiah, 1973)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>affirms alliance beth twoo families involved.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>some <strong>protection<\/strong> to woman against abusive husband.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>future support to women &amp; her children even if she does not do primary subsistrace work<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attract <strong>best bridegroom<\/strong> for daughter in monogamous societies with high degree of inequality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>protection in wake of death of husband &amp; No right to Inheritance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Political dimension<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>marrying son&#8217;s with woman of rich noble family to gain financial gains eg- medieval europe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>huge docories to form martial alliance with families of higher caste to elevate social status. (especially in hypergamy) eg-Norhtern India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Prevalence<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; common practice in S. Asia, disappeared from europe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mythology<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In Indian Hindu society can be traced back to types of m\u2019age. Acc to mythology Araha, Asura &#038; Prajapatya m\u2019ages involve payment of money by bride\u2019s father to the groom.\n<ul>\n<li>In hindu Philosophy every <strong>Dana <\/strong>has to be accompanied by <strong>Dakshina<\/strong> ; <strong>Kanyadan <\/strong>being the best kind of Dana has to be accompanied by <strong>Vara Dakshina <\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/a198f3bc-f02a-b4b3-a828-b88dcd981283\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Consequences<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>female foeticide, infanticide<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chlid m&#8217;age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>low level of literacy &amp; edu to woman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>harassment &amp; Killing of woman.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Debate<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Menski 1999<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; whether such social evils are due to practice of custom of dowry or result of modern conditions that undermined r\/l b\/w two families &amp; inflated cash value of dowry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Measures<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IPC sec. 304B &amp; 498 A.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; hence dowry has been a social evil in India which should be curbed at the earliest<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Bride price \/wealth<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>form of mage payment involving transfer of goods, money or livestock to bride&#8217;s group to compensate for loss of women&#8217;s labour and her child&#8217;s labour.\n<ul>\n<li>So balanced reciprocity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>commonest form of mage payment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In such customs, m&#8217;age corporate enterprise in which control over valuables is <strong>exercised by older generation men.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>commonest in <strong>Africa &amp; oceania, <\/strong>though form of payment varies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>social conditions<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>More common in <strong>patrilineal descent system<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>subsistence economy with horticulture or pastoral<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Absence of social stratification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>land abundance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>contribution of woman&#8217;s labour to group welfare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No higher Status to woman as male takes decisions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Reasons for bride price<\/u><\/strong>,\n<ul>\n<li>way of valuing labor of women,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>efforts involved by her family in raising her<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>labour value of woman&#8217;s offspring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>searing rights over her children by bride&#8217;s group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types of exchanges<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Swasi Tribes (S. Africa) \u2192&nbsp; cattles (No. varies acc. to girl&#8217;s rank)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Masai (kenya Tanzania) \u2192 <strong>cows<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Siane, (PNG) &amp; Ifugao (Philippines) \u2192 Pigs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navaho (Somalia) \u2192&nbsp; horse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kwakiuttl ved Indians \u2192&nbsp; Blanket.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Consequences<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>consolidation of family ties &amp; permanance of alliance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>implications on status &amp; power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>economics of inheritance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compensation for loss of labour.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guarantees sexual rights to the groom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Divorce : fault of groom &#8211; bride wealth not returned, fault of bride &#8211; bride wealth is returned<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It works against divorce or for proper behaviour with one\u2019s spouse as second m\u2019age for groom is costlier &amp; for bride\u2019s family it brings less bride wealth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Recent Shifts<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>from B.P.\u2192&nbsp; <strong>indirect dowry<\/strong> (from husband to bride)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u> &#8211;<\/strong> represents egalitarianism in societies, also justifies loss of woman&#8217;s contribution to her paternal economy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Bride Service<\/u><\/strong> aka <strong><u>Suitor Service<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>service rendered <strong>by bridegrooms<\/strong> to bride&#8217;s family <strong>as bride price <\/strong>before or after mage result in <strong><u>matri-pairi locality<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>common in <strong>matrilocal societies.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>duration &amp; by negotiation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rather than compensation, <strong>Dean (1995)&#8217;s<\/strong> study on&nbsp; <strong>Orahina in Amazon<\/strong> suggest it as <strong>politics of m&#8217;age.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>some \u24c5 :&nbsp; it is form of Bride price.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In many neo tropical society, husband cannot excercise full Power eco, pol or sexual power over wife untill completion of BS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>most common in <strong>Amazonia<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Examples<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In Hebrew Bible: <strong>Jacob<\/strong> laboured for Laban for 14 yrs to marry <strong>Rachael<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In &#8220;bride service societies&#8221; <strong><u>Jane collier &amp; Michele Rosaldo (1981)<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; man more dependent on woman, so their m&#8217;age faciliate men&#8217;s achievement of status. Thus B.S= man&#8217;s&nbsp; establishment &amp; maintainance of claims. on woman as wives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Sister Exchange<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In this system, sisters are exchanged by family. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/944f2614-5834-5bad-d6f4-52571a397371\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It enhances the cooperation between families and reduce the need of bride wealth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><strong>Nirankari Community<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Gift Exchange<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>These are omnipotent, which are Practicised in all societies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gifts are not only exchanged b\/w groom&#8217;s &amp; bride&#8217;s family, but also also with landred Group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Divorce in Simple Society<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Live-in- Relationship<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Where do you situate &#8216;live-in relationship&#8217; in the institution of marriage? 15 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definition of Marriage &#8211; It\u2019s Universality Introduction &#8211; many \u24c5 have attempted to give a&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>2.3: Marriage - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2-3-marriage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2.3: Marriage - Observing The Mortals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Definition of Marriage &#8211; 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