{"id":601,"date":"2025-09-21T03:56:22","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:56:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?page_id=601"},"modified":"2025-09-21T03:56:24","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T03:56:24","slug":"2-5-kinship","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2-5-kinship\/","title":{"rendered":"2.5: Kinship"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kinship, Consanguinity &amp; Affinity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Acc to <strong><u>G.P Murdock<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Kinship is structured system of relationship in which kins are <strong>bound<\/strong> to one another by complex <strong>interlocking<\/strong> ties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is system of <strong>social relationships in rooted biological facts.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kinship is system \/ web of social relationships thr which on individual is associated with other individual by real (blood, birth, m\u2019age) or putative(Fictive) family ties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It lead to formation certain grouping in society such as of Lineage, clan, Family. These groups essentially for function of society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Kinship Meaning<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Though not very imp in complex society but paramount important in simple societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All matters such as &#8211; to whom marry, obey, align, inherit &amp; pass Status &amp; Property is determined by Kinship.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides ready to handle category in simple society to distinguish people &amp; ordering one\u2019s relation with other.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Structural Aspect of Kinship<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>K.r\/l are based on two types of r\/ls\n<ul>\n<li>R\/l by Blood or <strong>Consanguinity<\/strong> &#8211; c\/l Descent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\/l by Marriage or <strong>Affinity<\/strong> &#8211; c\/l Alliance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\/l with ancestors is also imp &amp; ancestors are part of working group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These categories + Related rights &amp; obligations make kinship system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus kinship is based on both biological &amp; social factors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Kins<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Affinal Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; they are r\/l thr marriage (Social factor)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Consanguineal Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; they are r\/l thr blood or birth (biological)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Consanguineal Kins<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Kin r\/l thr birth or blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Includes those with common ancestors &amp; excludes those who lack<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Universal types<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types of Consanguineal Kins<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Based on Distance<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Primary Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Parents &amp; children (nuclear Family) <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/7a8649a0-c619-572b-757d-c61d04c65564\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Secondary Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Primary Kins of Primary Kins ex &#8211; Ego &amp; Grandfather &amp; ego &amp; paternal uncle etc) <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/0dbb289b-d49c-b03b-cf06-22a0ed2fdc01\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Tertiary Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Primary Kins of secondary Kins. Ex cousins <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/283f5238-50bc-8989-6cf6-43108a31ca32\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Based on Line of Descent<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Lineal Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; direct descendants of common ancestor (father son in Patrilineal &amp; Mother-daughter in matrilineal <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/d8b17d79-2622-5be1-02b0-62c280c6b6ce\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Collateral Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; descent from common ancestor but not in direct line (Nephew &amp; Paternal Uncle, maternal or paternal cousins)&nbsp; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/72137040-e073-86c1-94b5-6f621ca63506\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kindred Kins<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Individual\u2019s world of kins of both the types i.e thr bonds of blood\/birth &amp; bonds of m\u2019age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Affinal Kins<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>kins related by m\u2019age <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/5c90a11b-108d-ca02-5f13-ddd0e55672bd\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not related by blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If m\u2019age broken, kinship ties dissolves<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Functional Aspect of Kinship<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>humans consciously &amp; explicitly use kinship to define social relations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Has two types of functions\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Horizontal<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Relationship with others i.e est &amp; maintain effective social group<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Vertical<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Inheritance &#038; succession\n<ul>\n<li>Continuity of Generation &amp; orderly transfer of property &amp; status<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide context &#038; idiom for many kinds of social relationships\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Economic<\/u><\/strong> f. &#8211; dependency<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Political<\/u><\/strong> f. &#8211; Resolution of disputes by lineage or clan head<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religious<\/u><\/strong> f. &#8211; <strong><u>Tallensi<\/u><\/strong> Religion : clan or lineage has their own religious practices<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social<\/u><\/strong> f. &#8211; Social bonds &amp; social groups organised on basis of kinship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prescribe behavioural pattern, thus making social behaviour systemised &amp; orderly&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Changing Trend<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Post industrial society, non kins becoming more imp Though still imp in simple &amp; Tribal societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though political &amp; economic function declined but religious activities are still performed collectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Variation<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Adoption of Child<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varied recognition of spouse in matrilineal &amp; patrilineal society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Kinship &amp; Social Strcuture<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Components of SS &#8211; Status, Role, People, Interpersonal Relationship<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kinship Terminology<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; explain social Role \u2192 thus help to understand structure of society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Morgan, calls kinship \u201cIdeom of Social existence.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descent : Principle \/ Rules &amp; Types<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Descent is a <strong>cultural rule <\/strong>connecting particular set of kins b\/c of Pre-assumed <strong>common ancestor<\/strong>. Unlike kinship where relation can be through blood and marriage, descent can be traced only thr <strong>blood relations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Need of Descent Rules<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; human beings live in groups &amp; has <strong>cultural needs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>One of this is transfers of rights &amp; obligations in terms of acquisition, share and transfer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If this is done randomly, it can lead to <strong>unequal distribution and chaos<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus <strong>to avoid this we need definite rule of descent.<\/strong> So<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Rules of descent<\/u><\/strong> directs us in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>from where we can <strong>get<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>with whom we can <strong>share<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To whom we can <strong>transfer<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Rules of descent<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Unilineal descent Rule<\/u><\/strong>: Descent is traced thr only one line of parentage either thr male or female line. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/0332b917-e4c7-ee8f-5816-acef0214375d\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Patrilineal<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Descent thr father side ; it is most frequent rule\n<ul>\n<li>Ex- Papuan (New Guinea)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yoruba<\/strong> (W.Nigeria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Munda (chota Nagpur)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Matrilineal<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Descent thr mother side\n<ul>\n<li>e.g- Ashanti Kingdom (Ghana)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>khansi, Jantia..<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though descent is traced only thr one line, <strong>other line is not ignored <\/strong>as it has special place in\n<ul>\n<li>Rites de passage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arbitrators at time of blood feud<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More acceptable as conflict with ego is absent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Double Descent<\/u><\/strong> descent is traced thr both lines of parentage, but inheriting <strong>non- overlapping <\/strong>elements of culture from each line. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/24a9dd78-2ca3-f6c9-ebca-6dc6f77b7cbd\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origin supposed to be<\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Matrilineal descent with change over to patrilocal residence&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also Male dominance in matrilocal society &#8211; give rise to this<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yako (E. Nigeria \ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddec )<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Patrilineal Descent &#8211; Immovable Property Material Resource)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matrilineal Descent &#8211; Consumable property &amp; rituals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Herero Tribe (Africa)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Matrilineal Descent &#8211; Material property<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patrilineal Descent &#8211; Religious Function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ashanti<\/strong> of West Africa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Venda<\/strong> of Nigeria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Parallel Descent<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; rare type of descent in which one traces descent through ancestor of one\u2019s own gender <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/dcb084d9-825e-2c90-c720-a2058e375791\">\n<ul>\n<li>Case study &#8211; <strong><u>Jane Safer (1975)<\/u><\/strong> in his study of <strong>Saha Tribe (near Columbia)<\/strong> studied parallel descent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ambilineal Descent<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; individual free to choose descent from either of parents. It is only type of descent in which in one line descent from both male &#038; female can be found <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/c9630b69-0e6d-5dd0-c385-5a72b41d50f1\">\n<ul>\n<li>Members believe in common ancestor but can\u2019t specify genealogical line<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Samoa (W. Pacific)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Bilateral Descent<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; system where relatives on mother\u2019s &#038; father\u2019s side are casually important for emotional ties &#038; property transfer\n<ul>\n<li>Ex &#8211; <strong>Javanese<\/strong> people, Dimasa (N.E India), Tribes in PNG<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Factors influencing rule of Descent<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Contribution to Family production<\/u><\/strong> : Whoever contributes most decides type of rule of descent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Prestige of Profession<\/u><\/strong> : Among Hunter gatherers though woman contribute more than 2\/3rd of production \u2192 but stil patrilineality as hunting is considered as <strong>man<\/strong>\u2019<strong>s profession.<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>If men stays out from home for long time, then no. of impo. fun&#8221; performed by women thus leads to matrilineality e.g- <strong>Nayars<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Nature of Division of labour<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Case study<\/u><\/strong> : <strong>Saha<\/strong> of Santa Marta\n<ul>\n<li>Men \u2192&nbsp; food gathering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>women \u2192 take care of household.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, descent related to agri. &amp; food gathering pass thr male line whereas household pass thr female line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Demography<\/u><\/strong>: If in natural calamity, sharp dedine in population without reduction in resources results in <strong>ambilineality<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>eg- <strong>British Colombian<\/strong> tribes <strong><u>kwakittuti<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, as various socio-cultural factors lead to rules of descent. Hence Descent Can be called as <strong>cultural rule<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Resource availability<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>M.J. Harner<\/u><\/strong> study on Indians in N.W. Pacific \u2192 imp Source : Salmon\n<ul>\n<li>thus <strong>ambilineal<\/strong> group based on availability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unilineal Descent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> : Unilineal descent rule means tracing the line of ancestor unilinnealy or using single line i.e descent is traced thr only one line of parentage either thr male or female line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/0332b917-e4c7-ee8f-5816-acef0214375d\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Example of Unilineal Descent<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Patrilineal<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Descent thr father side ; it is most frequent rule\n<ul>\n<li>Ex- Papuan, Kapauka (New Guinea)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yoruba (W.Nigeria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Munda (chota Nagpur)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Matrilineal<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Descent thr mother side\n<ul>\n<li>e.g- Ashanti Kingdom (Ghana)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>khansi, Jantia..<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trunk of small Pacific Islands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other sex equally shares the descent but can\u2018t transfer the rights &amp; obligations to their descendants which are <strong>done only thr recognised line of descent<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In it, important relatives are excluded e.g Mother is excluded in patrilineal descents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These Rules affiliates an individual with a line of kin extending back in time &amp; into future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Societies with Unilineal Descent<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; societies who lack elaborate political org but need some formal organisation for sharing &amp; transfer of name, property &amp; cultural traits arising out of large size of population &amp; wealth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Unambiguous &amp; Distinctive Grouping<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; as unilinear rule can form clear cut groping &#8211; as easy to act together if each belong to one group or line<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Stable or permanent Group<\/u><\/strong> as structured around ancestor, not ego, who can\u2019t be changed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Line of descent &amp; Authority<\/u><\/strong> don\u2019t converge matrilineal form while converge in patrilineal form as only <strong><u>Male Authority<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though descent is traced only thr one line, <strong>other line is not ignored <\/strong>as it has special place \/ Importance in\n<ul>\n<li>Rites de passage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arbitrators at time of blood feud<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More acceptable as conflict with ego is absent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Organization of Unilineal Descent Groups<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u24b6 distinguished Several types of unilineal groups like &#8211; lineage, clan, phratry &amp; moiety.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Evans Pritchard&#8217;s<\/u><\/strong> classification of unilineal descent groups\n<ul>\n<li>Extended Family \u21d2 Lineage \u21d2 Clan \u21d2 Phratry\u21d2 Moiety \u2192 Tribe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2190&nbsp; Known Ancestor \u2192 \u2190&nbsp; Unknown Ancestor-Moiety \u2192 Tribe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/8723d25a-755a-05e8-e2f6-bd09b2a652f3\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Functions of Unilineal Descent<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Regulating marriage(Lineage and clan exogamy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuation b\/w generations &#8211; socialization of child and initial child care, orderly transmission of property.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Defines universe of a person- upon whom to depend in normal and emergency times.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social bond and social groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic cooperation during marriage, in agriculture etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Resolution of dispute through clan headman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Religious function &#8211; eg. <strong>Tallensi<\/strong> religion: Clan or lineages have their own religious beliefs and practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Development of Unilinneal Descent Rule<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>war in society lacking complex system of political organization provides impetus for formation of unilineal descent group.\n<ul>\n<li>It is b\/c UD groups provides descent members.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unambiguous group identity &amp; no ambiguity about indivual membership \u2192<\/strong> distinct unit \u2192 fight in alliance\n<ul>\n<li>It is perfectly clear whether one belongs to a particular lineage, clan, phratry or moiety.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Change in Unilineal Descent Groups : Factors<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Modernization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secularization<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Industrialization<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Individualism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Materialism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emergence of state and formal organization, welfare measures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Result<\/u><\/strong>: No future for unilineal descent groups and emergence of bilateral is ego centric and fades away after death of ego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Double Descent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Double Descent<\/u><\/strong> descent is traced thr both lines of parentage, but inheriting <strong>non- overlapping <\/strong>elements of culture from each line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/24a9dd78-2ca3-f6c9-ebca-6dc6f77b7cbd\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Origin supposed to be<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Matrilineal descent with change over to patrilocal residence&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also Male dominance in matrilocal society &#8211; give rise to this<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Yako (E. Nigeria \ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddec )<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Patrilineal Descent &#8211; Immovable Property Material Resource)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matrilineal Descent &#8211; Consumable property &amp; rituals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Herero Tribe (Africa)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Matrilineal Descent &#8211; Material property<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patrilineal Descent &#8211; Religious Function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ashanti of West Africa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Venda of Nigeria<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In it descent is Reckoned matrilineally for some &amp; patrilineally for other<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Here both rules of descent are operative simultaneously<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No overlapping in sharing or inheriting various cultural elements from each line of parents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residence is mostly patrilocal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Authority differ but is mainly patriarchal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Significance<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; demographic vagaries of unilineal descent are prevented in this type of descent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Thus, double descent is mainly a response to combat problems of unilineal descent such as diminishing groups or segmentation due to over population.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ambilineal \/ Bilineal \/ Matri or Patrilineal Descent<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>defined as &#8220;a rule which affiliates an individual with a kin related with him or her through man or women.&#8221;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/c9630b69-0e6d-5dd0-c385-5a72b41d50f1\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>some people in society trace their descent through male line &amp; others through female line<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>but same person does not trace descent through both lines simultaneously due to ambiguity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members believe in common ancestor but <strong>can\u2019t specify genealogical line<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>E.g Samoa (W. Pacific)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features of Ambilineal Society<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ambilineal society is <strong>less numerous<\/strong> than unilineal or even bilateral societies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>descent group is commonly <strong><u>named<\/u><\/strong> &amp; may have <strong><u>identifying emblem or even a totem line<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>other productive resources may be owned by descent group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mythology &amp; religious practices<\/u><\/strong> are often associated with the group just as in unilineal descent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>have various levels of descent group such as lineage, clan, phratry etc.\n<ul>\n<li>They have clan &amp; subclans<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both groups are exogamous.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Associated with each ambilineal clan there are <strong><u>one or more chiefs<\/u><\/strong> and subclans take their name from <strong><u>junior chief<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are a number of ambilineal group affiliations. Person may theoretically affiliate with any or all of the ambilineal groups to which he or she is related.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Development of Ambilineal Group<\/u><\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>unilineal descent group \u2192 Ambilineal one under special conditions, particularly due to depopulation due to Famine or war.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Once this occurs regularly, Society is transformed into ambilineal descent group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kindred or Bilateral Kinship<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Definition &amp; Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>individual\u2019s world of kins of both the type i.e through bonds of <strong>birth &amp; m\u2019age<\/strong> is c\/l<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thr bonds of blood kin relationships include from both Father\u2019s &#038; mother\u2019s line.\n<ul>\n<li>relatives on mother\u2019s &amp; father\u2019s side are casually important for emotional ties<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unlike Decent group, which is ancestor centric, Kindred is <strong>egocentric group&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Relates an ego lineally to all <strong><u>Eight(8)<\/u><\/strong> Great grand parents &#038; Laterally all <strong>Third &amp; fourth Cousins<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Huge group reduced to small circle of relatives known as <strong>Kindred<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unlike unilineal descent, it is <strong>laterally<\/strong> rather than lineally, organised<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No certainty about membership, thus amorphous, vague, lacking, distinctiveness<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/507b14a5-a492-aabe-c4ae-034ba41849d2\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Ex &#8211; <strong>Javanese people<\/strong>, Dimasa (N.E India), Tribes in PNG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Iban of Borneo<\/strong> \u2192 upto second cousins\n<ul>\n<li>Calls them for head hunting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zulu<\/strong> of S. Africa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complex society like USA \u2192 weak kinship ties \u2192 but invites certain close relatives (Kindreds) on occasions<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ego centric<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As ego centric \u2192&nbsp; <strong>Neither permeant<\/strong> nor a continuing one thr generations in fixed pattern.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>temporal variation<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 membership\/composition changes as ego grows older.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Never same for two person<\/u><\/strong>s except siblings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No name &amp; No common purpose, only temperory meeting group \u2192 <strong><u>weak social unit<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>No self perpetuating<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 disintegrates after death of ego.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>since everyone is member of diff. &amp; overlapping Kindred \u2192 No clear cut division \/ grouping in society, <strong><u>ambiguous<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Never a residential group<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Not a true descent grp<\/strong> as organised <strong>laterally<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>No<\/strong>-function of <strong>inheritance<\/strong> or succession.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temporary organization for specific purpose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Functions<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Economic<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; such as cleaning hill terrain, hunting, etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Regulates m&#8217;age<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Usually exogamous.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Political<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; co-op each other &amp; political activity &amp; emergency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Cut across boundary of server all Social groups \u2192 <strong><u>integrating society<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Overlapping membership \u2192 <strong>neutralises tension<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Becomes <strong><u>effective during emergency situations<\/u><\/strong> like birth, m\u2018Age, death etch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serve as <strong><u>distributor Group<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; After ego\u2019s death if no successor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Kindred is not a decent group. It is <strong>network of relationship thr blood &amp; m\u2019age<\/strong>. It works as a <strong><u>utilitarian group<\/u><\/strong> ie operates only when needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Forms of Descent Groups<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\u24b6 distinguished Several types of unilineal groups like &#8211; lineage, clan, phratry &amp; moiety.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Evans Pritchard&#8217;s<\/u><\/strong> classification of unilineal descent groups\n<ul>\n<li>Extended Family \u21d2 Lineage \u21d2 Clan \u21d2 Phratry\u21d2 Moiety \u2192 Tribe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2190&nbsp; Known Ancestor \u2192 \u2190&nbsp; Unknown Ancestor-Moiety \u2192 Tribe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lineage &#8211; \u0915\u0941\u0923\u092c\u093e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Unilineal group of kin who trace their descent from known common ancestor through known links.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is a smaller group but varies in size in different societies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Consanguineal (blood Related) group<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Claim descent from common known ancestor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can actually demonstrate links b\/w themselves &amp; ancestor \u2192 <strong><u>Demonstrated Descent<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Depending on rules of descent &#8211; can be\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Patrilineage<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Witoto Red Indians (Amazonia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nuer (Africa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agri Societies of India &amp; china<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Matrilineage<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Veddas (Ceylon)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tikopia (S. Africa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khasi &amp; Garo (Meghalaya)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ambilineage<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Samoans (Polynesia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iban (Sarawak)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pastoral society of Tibet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kurds of Middle East are lineage based society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Are <strong><u>named<\/u><\/strong>: labels, symbols &amp; even designation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Exogamous<\/u><\/strong>: as they ar consanguineous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Common religious obligation<\/u><\/strong>: own deities, priest &amp; peculiar rituals. especially <strong>Ancestor worship<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Corporate property ownership<\/u><\/strong>: owns Property and controls use &amp; inheritance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Corporate enterprise<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; co-operate on economic purpose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social control<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>regulates behaviour, have own laws &amp; punish<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mutual aid<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; on important occassions in life cycle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Constitutes Feuding groups<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; feud with each other or unit against others. eg- Nuer (Sudan) Tiv (C. Nigeria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Unit of Clan<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; lineage is unit of clan group &amp; is smaller in size than chan, as a clan is made up of many lineage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clan (Sib) &#8211; \u0917\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is a set of kins whose members believe themselves to be <strong>descended from common ancestors<\/strong>. But the <strong>ancestor is not known, <\/strong>which is fictive or imaginative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Also called as <strong>Sib<\/strong> .<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ancestor \u2192 might lived many generations back &amp; presence rooted in mythology or can\u2019t exist at all<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members have only tradition of belonging to same group, can only stipulate descent but can\u2019t demonstrate\n<ul>\n<li>Thus <strong>Stipulated Descent<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A clan is <strong>made up of a number of linneages<\/strong>. But <strong>Not Universal. <\/strong>Some clan can be w\/o lineage &amp; vice verse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Based on form of unilineal descent\n<ul>\n<li>patrilineal descent is called <strong><u>Patriclan<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuer (Sudan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Swazi (S. Africa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>China &amp; India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>matrilineal descent as <strong><u>Matriclan<\/u><\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Kwakiutl Red Indians (British Colombia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navana (USA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nayars (Kerala)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trobriand Islanders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>often <strong>designated<\/strong> by plant or animal names c\/l <strong>totem<\/strong> which may have some special significance for the group &amp; provides a means of group identification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Exogamous<\/u><\/strong>: as they ar consanguineous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Common religious obligation<\/u><\/strong>: own deities, priest &amp; peculiar rituals. especially <strong>Ancestor worship<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Religion <\/strong>&#8211; Rationalised body of mythology <strong>explains origin of clan<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Corporate property ownership<\/u><\/strong>: owns Property and controls use &amp; inheritance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Corporate enterprise<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; co-operate on economic purpose.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social control<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>regulates behaviour, have own laws &amp; punish<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mutual aid<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; on important occassions in life cycle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Constitutes Feuding groups<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; feud with each other or unit against others. eg- Nuer (Sudan) Tiv (C. Nigeria)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Compare &amp; Contrast b\/w Lineage &amp; Clan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Similarities<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>M\u2019age regulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peace keeping with Kin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Help in Wars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Differentiate B\/w Lineage &amp; Clan<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Parameter \/ Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Lineage<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Clan<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td><td>Known common ancestor<\/td><td>common ancestor , but not known<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Size<\/strong><\/td><td>Unit of Clan \u2192 Smaller in size<\/td><td>group of lineage \u2192 larger size<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Residential<\/strong><\/td><td>Residential<\/td><td>Non &#8211; residential<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dispute Resolution<\/strong><\/td><td>Dispute within lineage b\/w sublineage can be quickly &amp; peacefully resolved with help of lineage headman&nbsp;<\/td><td>dispute b\/w subclans can eventually lead to war<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Feeling of Oneness<\/strong><\/td><td>Stronger<\/td><td>weaker<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Totem<\/strong><\/td><td>not much importance<\/td><td>very much importance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Exogamy<\/strong><\/td><td>Always (Exception \u2192&nbsp; Muslims)<\/td><td>May or may not<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Phratry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is a unilineal descent group comprising of two or more clans related thr a common ancestor, E.g. <strong>Crow Indian<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Consist of no of supposedly related clans<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In it Descent link&nbsp; is unspecified or unknown.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Based On principle of descent\n<ul>\n<li>Matri Phratreis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Patri Pharatries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Found in very few societies in world<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Hopi, Navaho &amp; other Red Indians (USA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maria Gond (MP), Ao Nagas (Nagaland), Raj Gonds (AP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crow Indians<\/strong>&#8211; 6 phratries each divided in two or more clans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kaska Indian<\/strong>&#8211; two motities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>May or may not be named<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May or may not be exogamous e.g \u2192 <strong>Hopis (Exogamous)<\/strong>, <strong>Crow Red Indian (Endogamous)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Common Religious Obligations<\/u><\/strong> &amp; rites<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Imp political unit\n<ul>\n<li>E.g &#8211; <strong>Aztecs (Mexico)<\/strong> \u2192 Phratry are imp political unit in str of empirical<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May be associated with totemism e.g <strong>Maria Gond<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Solidarity \u2192 some kind of special affinity with kinship ; Phratry &#8211; Greek word \u2018Phrates\u2019 \u2192 Brother\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Thus, in the final analysis , a phratry is a kin group of brotherhood in which there are several clans combined together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Moiety<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Moiety means half in French, when a society is divided into two unilineal descent groups or a half, we call this group moiety. I.e Dual division of society into <strong>two<\/strong><strong>unilineal descent groups<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The people in each moiety believe to be descendent of common ancestor but ancestor is not known<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>every individual \u2192 Necessarily member of one.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Society with moiety system usually has relatively small population around 9000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moiety with phratry and clan tends to be larger.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wider occurrence than Phratry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ao, Rengma, Angami Naga<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gonds &amp; Korkus (MP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bondos (Orissa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Murrngin (Austrelia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlingit Red Indian (British Colombia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Toda (Nilgiri)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Named (toda) or unnamed (Austrelian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mostly exogamous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May constitute totemic group (Bondos)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>East detection of kinship relation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complementary roles \u2192 exchange services<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Evolution of Descent Groups<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>diff. societies, diff. Descent groups<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do not occur at all in simple hunters gthering society \u2192 m\u2019age being integrating individual society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>horticultural, pastoral &amp; more intensive agriculture groups \u2192 Descent Group provide the Structural framework<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>L.H. Morgan<\/u><\/strong> (evolutionist in 19th century) in his work \u201c<strong>System of Consanguinity &amp; Affinity of human family 1870<\/strong> &#8211; suggested<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>descent groups progressed the evolutionary manner<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promiscuity \u2192\u00a0 Matrilineal \u2192 Patrilineal.\n<ul>\n<li>promiscuous societies \u2192\u00a0 Paternity never certain \u2192 Descent only through mother \u2192\u00a0 emergence of Matrilineal group \u2192 Accumulation of wealth \u2192 wealth resided with males \u2192 Rise of patrilineal group \u2192\u00a0 civilisation \u2192\n<ul>\n<li>complex patterns of indiviuality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>specialization of labour.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mobility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u2192 Both maternal &amp; paternal Bilateral.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>George Murdock<\/u><\/strong> invalided Morgan&#8217;s vs evolutionary theory<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>b\/c he found simplest hunter gatherers practise \u2192&nbsp; bilateral descent. Mala)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to him, Descent rules \u2192 No r\/l with level of tech, or social dev<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; though Most schlors rejected Morgan, but some rein beth subsistence pattern &amp; descent accepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structural Principles of Kinship \/ Origin of Lineal System<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Kinship refers to relations which are rooted in biological facts. And, Structure of Kin grousp refers to those persisting patterns of relationships which form the basis of their organisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Robin Fox<\/u><\/strong> (his book encounter with anthropology) &#8211; identified <strong>certain conditions<\/strong> to be met by every kinship system to survive, sustain. He c\/l these <strong><u>Structural principles of Kinship<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Men Impregnate women<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>sexual r\/l \u2192&nbsp; procreation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biological fact, culturally recognised. As every society made arrangement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Women bear the children<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>debarred women from participating in activities of earning livelihood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>extended r\/l beth men &amp; women e beyond simply participation in procreation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Men Control Economic activity<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Confinement of women to bearing &amp; rearing of child.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Men \u2192&nbsp; manage, control, exploit, exchange resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Incest is taboo<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>arrangements to get men or women from outside for matting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>helps in extension of web of kinship relation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The way all 4 conditions are met \u2192 determines structure of kinship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Patrilineality &#8211; origin<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>To meet all conditions\n<ul>\n<li>men \u2192&nbsp; allowed to stay In group<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>women \u2192&nbsp; given out as wives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other women \u2192 brought as wives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Result\n<ul>\n<li>Incest <strong>not<\/strong> violated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>consanguineously related men <strong>coop<\/strong>. to manage resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rise of {Patrilineal, Patrilocal &amp; Patriarchal } \u2192 kinship systems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Easiest way to meet conditions \u2192 thus common.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples of Patrinlineal Societies\n<ul>\n<li>Tikopia of western Pacific studied by Raymond Firth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mossi of West Africa studied by Hammond<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most Tribes of India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Matrilineality &#8211; origin<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>keeping woman in group\n<ul>\n<li>thus men be <strong>brought from<\/strong> outside to meet 1st &amp; 4th condition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>but then 3rd condh difficult \u2192 conflict b\/w <strong>affinal<\/strong> &amp; <strong>outside<\/strong> male difficult.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>thus difficult to achieve all 4 condition \u2192 thus very rare among world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>only in those society where,&nbsp; <strong>war<\/strong> &amp; trade commence \u2192&nbsp; long period away home.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matrilineal Societies\n<ul>\n<li>Garo &amp; Khasi of Meghalaya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tulu Speaking Communities of South Lakshadweep<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nayar of Kerala<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ashanti of Ghana<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Navajo of Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Case study<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Nayars \u2192 woman preserved<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>property \u2192 inherited by female &amp; but managed by consanguineously related male<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To meet 3rd condition \u2192 <strong>weakened<\/strong> martial \/affinal bond mating r\/l not permanent&nbsp; &nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; thus all condition met<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kinship Terminology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kinship is web of <strong>social relationships<\/strong> in which individual is related to other individual by blood, birth, marriage and also fictive ties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>kinship Terminology<\/strong> is set of terms which designates <strong>position<\/strong> of individual with kinship network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>E.g Husband-wife, father son.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All the kinship terms are socially recognised entities with specific roles and status attached to it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Kinship Terminology by L.H. Morgan<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L.H. Morgan, classical evolutionist in 19th century extensively studied kinship terminologies in <strong>Iroquois Indians of North America<\/strong>. With expanding his study over other societies, Morgan provided following classification in his <strong>\u201cSystem of Consanguinity and Affinity of Human family\u201d (1871)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on Observation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Classificatory Kinship Terminology<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Used to denote group of relation with single kin term<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lineals merging with collaterals<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Two Types<\/u><\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Malayan Types<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; lineage merging with all collateral\n<ul>\n<li>e.g mother, mother\u2019s sister, father\u2019s Sister are c\/l mother<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>North American Type<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when lineages merger with some collaterals not all. E.g Only mother &amp; mother\u2019s sister are c\/l mother<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Descriptive Kinship Terminology<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pinpoint the exact relationship with kin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>different terms for different kins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Example &#8211; <strong>North Indian Kinship Terminology<\/strong> e.g Father &#8211; Papa, Father\u2019s E. Brother &#8211; Tau &amp; younger &#8211; Kaka, Mother &#8211; Maa &amp; Mather\u2019s sister &#8211; Masai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>As Morgan was an evolutionist, he gave the <strong><u>sequence of evolution of kinship Terminology<\/u><\/strong> as follows ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Malayan \u2192 North American \u2192 Descriptive Kinship Terminology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Criticism<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; by scholars who gave different factors which <strong><u>determine K.T<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kroeber<\/u><\/strong> studied <strong>multiple historical influences<\/strong> Shaping kinship terminologies\n<ul>\n<li>Along with <strong><u>Gifford,<\/u><\/strong> He also proponded diff. kinship terminologie as product of <strong><u>morphological differences in vocabulary<\/u><\/strong> &amp; <strong><u>Elementary Psychological process<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Rivers<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Rivers was particularly interested in <strong>linkage of kinship terminology &amp; marriages<\/strong>. He believed kinship terminologies to be antecend of marriage practices<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>R.C.Brown &amp; Sapir<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Studied <strong>sociological principles influences<\/strong> on K.T ex. Bifurcate merging type of K.T may result from the operation of sociological principle of levirate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Customs of Preferential M\u2019age<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; i.e rule of marriage may affect ; ex Bifurcate merging system: result of <strong>levirate<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Murdock<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Constitution of Kin &amp; local groups &#8211; i.e <strong>exogamous<\/strong> kin groups tend to be associated with bifurcate merging types of kinship terminology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Study of A.R Redcliffe Brown<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Around 1930s, British Anthropologist Brown studied Kinship terminologies for <strong>Australian aborigines.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He revised study of K.T in 20th century Anthropology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In his <strong>African Kinship System<\/strong>, Brown suggested importance of terminologies to understand social structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Factors Deciding Choices of Terminology<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Kroeber (1909)<\/u><\/strong> &amp; <strong><u>Louie (1929)<\/u><\/strong> recognised <strong>9 factors<\/strong> influencing choices of Kinship terminology<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Affinity Bifurcation Collaterality&nbsp;<\/td><td>DependenceGeneration Polarity<\/td><td>Relative Age Sex Speaker\u2019s Sex<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Typology of Kinship Terminological Systems<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>G.P Murdock (1949)<\/u><\/strong> took generation as basis of classification &amp; gave ethnic labels to it as follows<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Hawaiian System<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; is simplest of all and ignore even the sex distinction. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/f394e671-6a73-6656-a9c9-471e7cf6ef6a\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Eskimo system<\/u><\/strong> -Uses descriptive for <strong>lineal kins<\/strong> and classificatory for collateral kins. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/19aeaa7d-4b74-f35f-6787-4678c5166c21\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Iroquois system<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; merges <strong><u>siblings<\/u><\/strong> and <strong><u>Parallel cousins<\/u><\/strong> in same term, thus popular in <strong><u>matrilineal<\/u><\/strong> systems. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/dd8b1d2d-1679-ed8a-a329-d619d988c37d\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Omaha system<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; uses classificatory for mother&#8217;s side and descriptive for patemal kins. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/4dd4dba7-8e1c-4ac2-a55d-25689eef43b5\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Crow system<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; matrilineal mirror image of omaha system <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/4a633c5c-be50-382e-7b1e-a2c9b496931b\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Sudanese system<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; extreme descriptive System for different kins.<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/8c62ad15-01f8-64e4-dd5b-5d2f7656e5ae\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Draw Diagrams from &#8211; for this part<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, importance of kin terms does not lie in their classification, but the terms represent :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Particular <strong><u>Social Status<\/u><\/strong> associated with role<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kin terms occur in pairs (father-son)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unfolding of kin terms helps in unders tanding kinship e.g- <strong><u>Masi<\/u><\/strong> means Ma Jaisi represents stronger bond b\/w them as <strong><u>mother-son bond<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>KT &amp; Social Structure<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; helps in understanding of<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Status<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Role<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interpersonal relation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, kinship Terminologies helps in analysing social relationships in kin network and status &amp; role associated twith that kin..<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descent, Filiation &amp; Complimentary Filiation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Filiation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Allocation of individuals to a descent group is technically known as <strong>Filiation. <\/strong>It can be thr the father\u2019s line or mother\u2019s line or both. However<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>filiation<\/u><\/strong> is one&#8217;s relationship with his <strong><u>own parents<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>It<\/u><\/strong> decides <strong>line of property inheritance &amp; succession to political office.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>can be through the father\u2019s line or mother\u2019s line or both.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For ex in patrilineal system of descent, filiation is to father\u2019s line thus resulting into transfer of property from father to son. Same from political office.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descent &amp; Filiation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meyer fortes<\/u><\/strong>, was first to distinguish b\/w descent and filiation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Descent<\/strong> being relationship of person with ancestors among whom nearest one is grand parents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Filiation<\/strong> relation of Person with his own parents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In his study of <strong><u>Tallensi society of Ghana<\/u><\/strong>, he observed that Society was entirely built around \u201c<strong><u>Lineage system<\/u><\/strong>\u201d\n<ul>\n<li>He observed that although membership of lineage is determined by kinship, but it&#8217;s function are political &amp; economic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>for this reason, Fortes made distinguish b\/w filiation and descent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He said <strong>filiation stemmed<\/strong> from being legitimate child of one&#8217;s parents &amp; this was normally <strong>Bilateral<\/strong> i.e child was normally affiliated to both parents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fortes argued that <strong>Jural authority flowed from descent<\/strong> , not filiation e.g Jural Authority from father\u2019s line in patrilineal society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus filiation was relevant only in dementia context, whereas descent was a political &amp; jural matter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complementary Filiation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It was introduced by <strong><u>M. Fortes<\/u><\/strong> in his study of <strong><u>Tallensi of Ghana<\/u><\/strong>. It refers to <strong>relation b\/c child &amp; parent from who s\/he doesn\u2019t trace descent<\/strong>. I.e Kins other than filiation from complementary Filiation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ex &#8211; In patrilineal society, there are imp Socially defined links with mother\u2019s family \/ Kins. Such as maternal uncle or M. Grandparents. Same applies to matrilineal society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to <strong><u>J. Goody<\/u><\/strong> one inherit some kind of Property &amp; status from descent group (Filiation) &amp; other from complementary filiation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>C.F &amp; Existence of Groups<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to Fortes &#8211; Existence of group was, at bottom, always similar &amp; always involved the recognition of <strong><u>complementary role<\/u><\/strong> of <strong>two parents<\/strong>. &#8211; ex In patrilineal, though political, Jural &amp; Military Authority ingnores maternal ties, but nonetheless there exists domestic level relation where links thr mother side are recognised.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Function<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Special place in rites de passage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arbitrators in time of blood feuds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More acceptable to ego as conflict with ego is absent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Significance of Complementary Filiation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In lineage based society, it provides imp <strong><u>residual Security<\/u> or insurance against breakdown of filiation relation<\/strong>. E.g &#8211; If bride price not paid \u2192 child right not given to husband \u2192 child have access to property of matrilineal line.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; in his study of <strong><u>Trobriand Islanders (matrilineal society)<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 <strong>deep emotional conflict<\/strong> b\/w father\u2019s attachment with children&nbsp; &amp; rule of inheritance which debars children from acquire father\u2019s property. Thus C.F \u2192 some satisfaction or father\u2019s way reinforcing material, ideological &amp; emotion bond with children (son)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Religious Function e.g\u00a0 <strong>Yako (E. Nigeria \ud83c\uddf3\ud83c\uddec )<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Patrilineal Descent &#8211; Immovable Property Material Resource)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Matrilineal Descent &#8211; Consumable property &amp; <strong><u>rituals<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Criticism of Counter Filiation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Edmund Leach<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 Criticised Fortes idea of C.F\n<ul>\n<li>Says &#8211; other lineal side (C.F) is not merely as muted kinship, but rather is <strong>part of Affinal kins <\/strong>\u2192 seen as group who <strong>can give you sexual partners.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Difference b\/w Filiation &amp; C.F<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Filiation \u2192 Political &amp; hierarchical character ; where as <strong>C.F emotional &amp; personal character<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Filiation \u2192 All Members in descent group have same ties ; where in C.F every member have different ties of C.F from one other (Thus gives an idiom to feeling of <strong>individuality &amp; interdependence<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Filiation &amp; C.F show way of inheritance &amp; succession from different parents<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kinship Behaviour<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction- Kinship Behaviour definite &amp; comparatively permanent patterns of behaviour beth diff. members of society.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Every Relation have particular type of Behaviour eg\n<ul>\n<li>son \u2192 father = respect,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>husband \u2192&nbsp; wife \u21d4 love.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>brother \u2192 sister = affection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>K.B. \u2192 characterized by <strong>role expectations<\/strong> which forms basis for mutual coaction &amp; behaviour b\/w king.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Kinship Behaviour<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Avoidance<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 two kin should remain away from each other.\n<ul>\n<li>Not only avoid sexual contact but also face to face interaction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eg. Father in law &amp; daughter in law ; Purdah system (familiarity is limited by covering the face ) ; brother sister avoidance in veddas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>R.C.Brown<\/u><\/strong> in his <strong>Andamanese study<\/strong> brother do not talk to younger&#8217;s wife.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Frazer<\/u><\/strong>: It is precautionary to prevent breach of incest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>R.C. Brown &amp; Murdock<\/u><\/strong>: create serious troubles In Yeln.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Joking Relation<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; It is\u00a0 tendency to increase proximity by allowing liberal social interaction b\/w 2 Kins.\n<ul>\n<li>Also seen as a <strong>Safety valve release mechanism<\/strong> for the tensions generated due to imposition of restrictions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Potential sexual Partners<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eg-Devar-Bhabhi ; JiJa-Sali<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>S.C Roy\u2019s Study of Oraon<\/u><\/strong> reported JR &#8211; gave way to m\u2019age b\/w grandfather &amp; grand daughter <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/dc7f33f1-6799-8a42-b8cd-7d0995bd6f94\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Verner Elwin<\/u><\/strong> reported m\u2019age b\/w Grand mother &#038; son among <strong>Baigas<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/715bd1fd-2e26-3658-366d-ba66eea78b61\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also among Chamars, a depressed class of leather &#8211; tanners in North India m\u2019age b\/w <strong>Grand father &amp; Grand daughter<\/strong> is reported which resulted in birth of a child<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Teknonymy<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 Kin is not referred directly but through another kin.\n<ul>\n<li>Introduced by <strong>Taylor<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eg &#8211; female in Hindu family doesn&#8217;t call husband&#8217;s name. But refer him as father of Guddu&#8217; or any other name.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Avanculate<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; certain right obligations Permitted &#038; expected from <strong>maternal uncle<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>comes first among all male relatives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eg- In <strong>Upnayna sanskara<\/strong>, maternal uncle lift&#8217;s boy &amp; reach him toward&#8217;s his father.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Amitate<\/u><\/strong> r\/l b\/w ego &#038; his father&#8217;s sister\n<ul>\n<li>gets more respect than mother.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Couvade<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 husband Imitates behaviour of wife at time of child birth\n<ul>\n<li>observes same taboo which are imposed on wife<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g <strong>Toda (India)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descent Theories<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction &#8211; Descent theories, aka <strong>lineage theories<\/strong> emerged in 1940s with publication of &#8220;The <strong>Nuers&#8221; (1940)<\/strong>, &#8220;<strong>African Political System) (1940)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Descent theory<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Divided in <strong>2 period<\/strong> &#8211; classical &amp;&nbsp; Modem<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Classical theories<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Henry Maine<\/u><\/strong> in his \u201c<strong>Ancient law&#8217; (1861)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;<strong>Patriarchial theory<\/strong>\u201d &#8211; sons of common father lived together giving rise to extended ties of kinship \u2192&nbsp; This extended Patriarchal family is known as unilineal development. \u2192 allowed Jural stability &amp; endurance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>McLennan &amp; Morgan<\/u><\/strong> : human society fundamentally promiscous \u2192 led to matrilinity due to mother child bond. Patrilinity much later with intro. of mlage &#038; legal paternity.\n<ul>\n<li>Both stressed on importance of in exogamy in clan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus classical theories argued on 2 aspects:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Blood<\/strong>(Kinship &amp; Family) V\/S <strong>soil<\/strong>(Territory\/Property)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>argued which came first within blood also, it was debate on <strong>patrilinity Matrilinity.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Modem theories<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>British schlors like <strong>W.H.R. Rivers<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>for Rivers : Clan, was based on <strong>common descent<\/strong> than territory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reddiff Brown<\/strong> in his study of <strong>Austrelia Placed Descent groups<\/strong> at centre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Modem theories showed how &#8211; both temtory &#038; descent are imp. ex :\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Study of Nuer by Evan Pitchard<\/u><\/strong> and <strong><u>Tallensi by Meyer fortes<\/u><\/strong> \u2192&nbsp; segmentary lineage &amp; territoriality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Fortes<\/strong> in his. &#8220;<strong>The structure of Unilineal descent Groups<\/strong>\u201d \u2192 gave his model of <strong>segmentary lineage<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus showed how social structure would exhibit connectich of descent &amp; territory.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Counter theories<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Descent theories, though created with much deliberation, faded out by 1960s oweing to misunderstandings &amp; complexities created by schlors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Neo-Malinowskian model<\/u><\/strong>, called as <strong><u>Transactional theory<\/u><\/strong> was reintroduced.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Edmund Leach<\/u><\/strong>, based on study of <strong><u>Pul Eliya village<\/u><\/strong> (Sri lanka) \u2192&nbsp; reason behind social action is at level of individual management of rejources for personal gain \u2192 Thus contrasted segmentary lineage model.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Levi strauss&#8217;s alliance model<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 shifted main arena system in exchange by marriages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In contemporary anthropology, descent theories have no credibility. It however helps in study of kinship &amp; gives idea how earlier societies were made up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alliance &amp; Alliance Theory of Claude Levi Strauss<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Alliance is kin relation among different groups through m&#8217;age. This helps strengthening socioeconomic bonds. while kinship \u2192 r\/l thr blood or m&#8217;age, Alliance \u2192 m&#8217;age. As a result of alliance different groups come together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Marriage &amp; alliance<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; different type of m\u2019age contribute to alliance formation in varying degree<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Endogamy (within) \u2192 consolidates strengthens existing group.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exogamy (outside) \u2192 create new r\/l with new group which coop, with each other.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Preferential M\u2019age &#8211; consolidate existing r\/l &amp; also Prevent division of loyalty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Alliance Theory of Claude Levi Strauss<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>advocated it in order to know the structure of society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is Based on Universal duality of Mind i.e Binary Opposition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Postulates\/Explantation<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/c5310220-a159-e446-adc1-5f7531e525fb\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Acc to him, <strong>Exchange was the first principle of alliance<\/strong> which emerged in human society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He said there are <strong><u>three basic principles of exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>E of Goods &amp; Services<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E of Ideas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E of Human<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Every group had similar type of goods &#038; service &#038; ideas\n<ul>\n<li>So exchange of humans was practiced<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to him,&nbsp; primitive societies was patrilineal. And has noting to exchange except women&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types of Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Restricted or Reciprocal Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>found in societies with dual organisation such as <strong>Moities<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Direct transaction b\/w two groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Each group \u2192 wife giver &amp; receiver in same generation ie. Symmetrical <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/d664dbce-7069-bc50-b4e4-2408c6e67cab\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Involves Bilateral Cross Cousin M\u2019age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Generalised or Asymmetrical Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In society where tow or more groups exist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indirect form of exchange<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wife giver &amp; wife taker are not same<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Continuous Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Flow of woman in one direction in all generation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g Matrilineal cross cousins m\u2019age in patrilineal society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One type of exchange<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuous exchange puts long cycle known as \u201c<strong>Circulatory Connubium<\/strong>\u201d by Strauss <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/1b4ffe0e-e9f6-8eb9-3352-6ad37a43c7ca\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Discontinuous Exchange<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>exchange of woman not in immediate generation but in next generation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eg &#8211; Patrilineal Cross Cousin M\u2019age in Patrilineal Society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More integrative than restricted exchange as within fixed no of groups.&nbsp; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/78de8276-4cf6-7fd5-f428-93152c1b9bbf\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Claude Levi Strauss\u2019s Solidarity Theory<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>about widespread occurrence of matrilineal <strong>cross cousin m\u2019age<\/strong>. (Open Exchange)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why \u2192 Estd relationship b\/w several groups in Connubial Cycle \u2192 promote integration b\/w diff groups<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Acc to Strauss &#8211; Alliance dominates social structure &amp; provides identity to society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Criticism<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Descent theorists<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Decent, not alliance is basis of social structure. why decent rules are only specified exchange of <strong>patrilineal<\/strong> category of Spouse. women ex. not present in matrilineal solety.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Schneider &amp; Homans <\/u><u>(sentiment hypothesis)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>distribution of JORAL AUTHORITY determines choice of one&#8217;s wife<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, patrilineal \u2192 Jural authority with father &amp; also with father&#8217;s sister.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mother&#8217;s bro: affectionate r\/l with ego.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus ego prefers his daughter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Rose and Reid<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; <strong><u>Demographic hypothesis<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>woman \u2192 marry &amp; reproduce earlier than brother.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>her children older than brother&#8217;s, child.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>thus Mama\u2019s daughter \u2192 younger &amp; appropriate age.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>R. Needham<\/u><\/strong> -criticised strauss&#8217;s structural model as mediating concept b\/w reciprocity &#038; exchange.\n<ul>\n<li>Needham tried to make clear distinction beth prescriptive &amp; preferential rules of mlage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Louis Dumont<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; worlds like cross cousin m\u2019age are useful in theory, but deceptive in reality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Functions of Alliance<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Maintenance of cohesive rein &amp; coop b\/w various kin groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>continuity &amp; endurance in society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintains Kinship rein &amp; createl new thr exogamy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulation of m&#8217;age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ECO. &amp; Pol. coop. during emergency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neutralisation of tension due to wife exchange.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Both alliance &amp; descent maintain social structure. Descent relationship is permanent whereas Alliance are not permanent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>both descent &amp; alliance theories are obsolete in utility now, They unanswered questions of universal kinship structures due to which their utility shrinks in contemporary Anthropology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kinship, Consanguinity &amp; Affinity Acc to G.P Murdock &#8211; Kinship is structured system of relationship&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>2.5: Kinship - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2-5-kinship\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2.5: Kinship - Observing The Mortals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kinship, Consanguinity &amp; 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