{"id":605,"date":"2025-09-21T04:01:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-21T04:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?page_id=605"},"modified":"2025-09-21T04:01:37","modified_gmt":"2025-09-21T04:01:37","slug":"4-0-political-organisation-and-social-control","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/4-0-political-organisation-and-social-control\/","title":{"rendered":"4.0: Political Organisation and Social Control"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>All societies comprise of individuals but the social norms or the rules that bind people together often require that one has to rise above individual interests and pay heed to the group above one&#8217;s self.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Political Anthropology<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Swartz(1966)<\/u><\/strong> describes it as \u201cthe <strong>study of the processes<\/strong> involved in determining &amp; implementing public goals &amp; in the differential achievement &amp; use of power by the members of a group concerned with these goals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to him it characterised by <strong><u>three essential qualities<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>It is public rather than private in nature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It always concerns goal or benefits for which there is competition<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It involves difference in power i.e control among the members of a group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It also studies &amp; deduces certain <strong>principles or laws regulating the political behaviour <\/strong>of all the societies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Study of political process, political action &amp; political conflict &amp; their resolution<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polity, Policy &amp; Politics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Status &amp; hierarchy<\/strong> are closely linked with <strong>politics &amp; leadership<\/strong>. These features are characteristic to human org.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The word <strong>polity<\/strong> originally take from greek word \u201cpolis\u201d. <strong>Polity or political community<\/strong> is&nbsp; a group of people whose membership is defined in terms of a <strong>common territory <\/strong>&amp; whose function is under the direction of <strong>political leader.<\/strong> Polity has following features too<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Spatial or territorial Aspect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organisational aspect &#8211; in terms of its component units<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leadership Aspect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal or customary Aspect &#8211; by which decisions are made by leaders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inter-polity aspect<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The term <strong><u>Politics or Political Process<\/u><\/strong>refers to the events &amp; actions that lead to the formulation &amp; enforcement of <strong><u>Public Policy<\/u>, <\/strong>guidelines that can lead directly to action &amp; affect concerned people.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>it refers to the <strong>ongoing Manoeuvring<\/strong> by which formulated <strong><u>Policy<\/u><\/strong> is followed by the <strong><u>Polity<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Political institution<\/u><\/strong> comprises of<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>political process<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; election, selection, voting etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Political system<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Structure of Political System<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>refers to executive, legislature &amp; the judiciary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Political System\/Organisation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>John Beattie <\/strong>defined Political system as system related with maintenance of orderly social relations either within a defined territory or b\/w different social groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>A political system is also defined as a system related with maintenance of internal order &amp; external peace with involvement of leadership &amp; Authority.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>R.C Brown<\/u><\/strong> in preface written in \u201c<strong>African Political system<\/strong>\u201d defines P.O as \u201corganisation for maintenance of order in society by plausible use of <strong>physical force<\/strong>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Aim of Political Organisation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Maintain Social Structure<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; control deviation from standard social conduct.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Edmond Leach<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; basic tendency of human mind is to oppose \/ dissent \u2192 thus oppose present structure.\n<ul>\n<li>He says that human beings are <strong>inherent Criminals <\/strong>\u2192 thus to control this we need political organisation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Political Organisation\/system<\/u><\/strong> : <strong><u>Typology<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Meyer Fortes &amp; Edward Evans &#8211; Pritchard (1940)<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; in their work \u201c<strong>African Political system\u201d (1940) <\/strong>distinguish three basic types of political system\n<ol>\n<li>Band<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stateless Society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Researcher since 1950s<\/u><\/strong> have shown &#8211; 2 basic types of political org. Among the Tribal societies\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>uncentralised<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; c\/a Stateless (Acephalous Political org)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Centralised<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; (it is Uni-centric Authority&nbsp; system or Non-acephalous Political org)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These can be classified into several subtypes.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Elman Service<\/u><\/strong> in his \u201c<strong>Primitive social Organisation\u201d (1962)<\/strong> gave 4 types\n<ol>\n<li>Bands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tribes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chiefdom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>John Bathe<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; 3 criteria\n<ul>\n<li>Degree of centralisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Political function &#8211; <strong>head or not head<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hereditary or achieved<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Evolution of Political System<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Evolution means gradual process of change from simple to complex.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evolutionary political system the <strong><u>state like P.S<\/u><\/strong> evolved from <strong><u>Non State Like P.S<\/u><\/strong> which is result of changing socio-economic conditions of people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evolutionary sequence of Political system is given below\n<ul>\n<li>Band \u2192 Tribal Political system \u2192 State Political system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/5a3d739a-7b53-c5a0-1bd0-d5f596bdca33\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Differentiate between State and Stateless societies 10 2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Band : Simplest Political Organisation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Acc to <strong><u>Elman Service<\/u><\/strong>it is simples i.e least complicated of all type of political organisation. It is <strong>small mobile, Autonomous&nbsp; group<\/strong> of some <strong>6 to 8 extended families<\/strong> usually <strong>Hunter gatherers.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>R.C Brown<\/u><\/strong> found in <strong>Andamanes <\/strong>the no of members can be 10 to 300.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even, Band size varies with season \u2192 breaks up or Unit according to food resource available.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For ex &#8211; In case of\u00a0 food collectors\n<ul>\n<li>In summer &#8211; bands \u2192 due to availability of food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In winter \u2192 No food availability so \u2192 population disperses \u2192 small band<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristic Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They carry very <strong>less possessions <\/strong>which is due to nomadic nature.\n<ul>\n<li>Ex bow &amp; arrow, basket, knife etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For <strong>Equatorial Africans<\/strong> : not even clothing is necessary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Elman Service<\/u><\/strong>it is simples i.e least complicated of all type of political organisation &amp; have <strong>little relevance<\/strong> . In it Kinship <strong><u>Political &amp; Kinship system<\/u><\/strong> becomes <strong>synonymous<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Unicentric Authority System<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; i.e <strong>vested in unit <\/strong>as whole b\/c each member have to struggle hard to survive \u2192 no spared for political functions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>No Rank specialisation of labour &amp; formal Political system<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Egalitarian system<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; each band \u2192 exogamous kin group. All adult members \u2192 decision by consensus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No Property \u2192 thus <strong><u>no internal conflict &amp; bickering<\/u><\/strong> thus internal order \u2192 automatically maintained. Customs &amp; Practices \u2192 <strong>guiding principles.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>No Territorial Disputes<\/u>&nbsp; <\/strong>as Nomadism &amp; relation with other groups \u2192 thus maintenance of external peace not a problem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Temporary Leadership<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; leader is choosen for specific task depending on his qualities. One task is over every one is equal\n<ul>\n<li>In case of hunting &#8211; most skilful hunter is chosen as leader<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Guidance<\/u><\/strong> sometime ; leader, has vast experience , but he nerves exercise his authority<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Conflict b\/w Bands<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; very rare as meet seldom. (I.e mainly 2 occasion)\n<ul>\n<li>Marriage &#8211; they make marry don\u2019t fight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Time of scarcity of resource &#8211; help each other\n<ul>\n<li>Even if conflict happen they are solved by soft option<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex &#8211; <strong>ritual spear throwing<\/strong> in <strong><u>Australian aborigines<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Conflict within Band<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; very rare, even if happen &#038; reach volatile situation, fission in band &#8211; very rarely as smaller units are unviable\n<ul>\n<li>Aim of Justice &#8211; not to punish but to restore harmony<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Method of Dispute Resolution &#8211; song Rules in which there is face to face abusing of each other\n<ul>\n<li>The aggrieved party get more &amp; louder claps &amp; thus Grievance is recognised &amp; resolved.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wrong doers are judged &amp; regulated by public opinion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Contemporary Bond Societies<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; very few left due to spread of nation states<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Global Example<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>African Bushmen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ituri<\/strong> (African rainforest)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pygmies<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Eskimos of Siberia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Siamong<\/strong> of Malaya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shoshone<\/strong> (USA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>In India<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Birhor<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chenchu,<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Andaman Islanders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kadar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Irula<\/strong> of Kerala<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Eskimos Political Sysmtem<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; live in small band of about 100 members<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Shaman<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 religious leader, but little status \u2192 punishes violation of religious taboo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Informal headman<\/u><\/strong> (May be proficient hunter or person most accomplished in rituals)\n<ul>\n<li>Headman \u2192 decision regarding hunting settlement , work but his authority doesn\u2019t extend to social matter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social Disagreement<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; solved by <strong>fist Fights<\/strong>, <strong>song duels<\/strong>, forms of contest\n<ul>\n<li>If extreme quarrel \u2192 family feuds may erupt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tribal Political Organisation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It has been associated with marginal cultivation, horticulture, pastoralism &amp; shifting cultivation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>as in these <strong><u>economic systems<\/u><\/strong>, they have <strong>little surplus <\/strong>\u2192 so can afford part time specialist for Political specialist<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Multi-centric Authority<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; in this political system, Authority is vested in more than one person &amp; each is independent of each other.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Tribal political organisation <strong><u>can be divided into three types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Segmentary political system (Kinship based political system)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Age set political system ( Non-Kinship based political system)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Village Council (Non-Kinship based political system)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Segmentary Political system<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Evan Pitchards<\/u><\/strong> c\/l it (<strong>Segmentary lineage &amp; territoriality<\/strong>) &amp; (<strong>Nuer Political system<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>found in tribal societies <strong>divided on the basis of unilineal descent group.<\/strong> (Lineage or clan of different type &amp; size)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A single tribe is divided into various lineages c\/l <strong><u>segments<\/u><\/strong> on the <strong>basis of unilineal kingroup<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>every kingroup<\/strong> is called as <strong>segment<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>various segments are <strong>hostile<\/strong> towards each other.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are mainly <strong>patrilineages<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Among <strong><u>Nuer and Tiv of Nigeria<\/u><\/strong> the lineage (<strong><u>Maximal lineage<\/u><\/strong>) is further divided into smaller segments c\/l (<strong>minimal\/segmentary lineage<\/strong>).\n<ul>\n<li>The village is divided into <strong>smaller territories<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>each Segmentary lineage controls each of this smaller territory separately.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/b8fce1de-7471-5bd7-c701-c986358b581a\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Each <strong><u>segmentary lineage<\/u><\/strong> contains <strong>3 to 5 generation<\/strong> ; <strong><u>Basic permanent descent group<\/u><\/strong> live in same village regard each other as close relatives &amp; with <strong><u>no central leadership<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features of segmentary Political System<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>No superiority or inferiority<\/u><\/strong> of segment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>No Stratification<\/u><\/strong> in segment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Autonomous Group<\/u><\/strong> (Independent politically) &#8211; each group is Autonomous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Authority<\/u><\/strong> in domain of their group by <strong>head<\/strong>, but all equal &#8211; <strong>no one first among equal<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Lineage is centralised<\/u><\/strong> but tribes is <strong><u>uncentralised<\/u><\/strong> as no head at tribe level<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>So <strong><u>functioning of such system<\/u><\/strong> requires <strong><u>management of relation b\/w heads<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>As no one is at helm of political affairs. So at time of war \u2192 decision by consensus &amp; tribes has to organise military<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\/c of this <strong><u>Evans Pritchard<\/u><\/strong> c\/l it as <strong>Headless Political system or acephalous political system.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Feud from below<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>horticultural<\/strong>Tiv in Nigeria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pastoral<\/strong><strong><u>Nuer in Sudan<\/u><\/strong> (<em>their system can be exemplified<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Masai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Segmentary Lineage &amp; territoriality<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pitchards &amp; Forters in \u201c<strong><u>African Political System<\/u><\/strong>\u201d describes segmental linage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>E.E Evans Pitchards<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; proposed this model of social organisation.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Theory says<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; as state does\u2019t exists in tribal society, tribal man must rely on other persons or structures in time of trouble b\/c he can\u2019t depend on authority to ensure rights &amp; well being of tribesman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>During crisis, tribe will sub dived into smaller groups on basis of genealogical ties.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This theory assumes principle of \u201c<strong><u>Balanced Opposition<\/u><\/strong>\u201d&nbsp; i.e groups are of equal size &amp; strength, which rarely occurs in society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Steven Caton<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; explains how this theory relates to concept \u201c<strong>honor\u201d <\/strong>in <strong>Arabian tribal society.<\/strong> The group approach higher level person to address their adversaries &amp; dispute &#8211; usually ends as groups are at draw. Thus, tribal Oder is maintained.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Meyer Foretes<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; \u201c<strong>Complementary opposition<\/strong>\u201d lineage will oppose each other.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Pitchards describes feuding in Nuer as follows<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>among Nuer feuds are common occurrences . Which is a actual hostility b\/w minimal segments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Blood Feud<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>refers to hostile interaction of the kin on both sides in situation of <strong><u>Homoicide<\/u><\/strong>. If b\/w primary lineage \u2192 results in <strong><u>states of internal war <\/u><\/strong>rather then a state of feud.\n<ul>\n<li>This are resolved by <strong>tit for tat<\/strong> but with difference to restore balance of no. Of persons in a lineage in strict sense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/f443a73a-5623-2c88-95c1-447d5ac85f51\">\n<ul>\n<li>Close kin stand against most distant kin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brother are allied against cousins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cousins are allied against second cousins<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If any non kin came, then all unit (as <strong>Pitchard<\/strong> observed for Nuer Vs Dinka)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nuer are more prone to <strong><u>fighting<\/u><\/strong> ; these are dispute about a cow, or goat eat s a man\u2019s millet &#038; owner strikes it, adultery, watering right in dry session &#038; paterrage rights\n<ul>\n<li>These are mediated by <strong>Leopard skin chief <\/strong>who belongs to neutral lineage.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He is <strong>only mediator<\/strong> &amp; he doesn\u2019t have any political authority (<strong>legitimacy without force<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nuer don\u2019t have law, they have only conventional compensation for damage. They use moral obligation to restore disputes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Sahlins,<\/u><\/strong> emphasising <strong>military aspect <\/strong>of linage, referred to lineages as \u201c<strong>an organisation of predatory expansion\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Max Blackman<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; whenever lineal segmentation happens in society, they are complimented by certain role in <strong><u>co-operation<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 this reduces hostility b\/w segment &amp; binds society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Age-Grade Based Political System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Age grade are organised group of people with membership on <strong>basis of age<\/strong>, in which society is divided. For ex, age set of youth, adults &amp; elders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Features of the groups : pastoral herders, possessions &amp; mobility go hand in hand,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to defend themselves from theft or attacks they <strong><u>organise themselves<\/u><\/strong> into <strong>age sets<\/strong> at <strong><u>pan tribe level<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People from respective age group become member of that age set.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Age grade <strong><u>Cut across kinship, &amp; territorial lines<\/u><\/strong>. (I.e people \u2192 diff village \u2192 same age \u2192 one grade) &amp; serve different political functions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Well demarcated obligation &amp; duties<\/u><\/strong> for each grade\n<ul>\n<li>Young boys &amp; girls \u2192 fetch drinking water, cleaning surrounding &amp; maintaining&nbsp; road<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adult \u2192 livelihood, lead wars<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elders \u2192 dispute resolution, Justice &amp; maintain social order<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Political Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; vested in Age set of elders\n<ul>\n<li>Don\u2019t have police personnel to enforce, but decision are <strong>obligatory<\/strong> in nature due to <strong><u>supernatural ratification<\/u><\/strong> (belief that they can communicate, disobedience \u2192 attract <strong>wrath<\/strong> )<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>All head equal<\/strong>, no superior &#8211; inferior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decision at Tribal level by <strong>consensus<\/strong> among various heads<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Acephalous<\/u><\/strong> Political system &#8211; as no single person issues command<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Advantage of Age Set<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Provides for <strong>smooth transformation<\/strong> from lower social status to higher.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As the members of age set know each other and that they have to live together full life, kind of <strong>cooperation<\/strong> b\/t them is very strong.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It provides for <strong>standing army<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elder&#8217;s task is of maintenance of social peace and order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yako (Nigeria)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Masai Tribe<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kipsigis (East Africa)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Case study<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In <strong><u>Masai tribe<\/u><\/strong>, Society is divided into 5\n<ul>\n<li>Childhood, junior warrior-hood, senior warrior-hood, junior elder hood, seniors elder hood<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ceremony for promotion of childhood \u2192 junior warrior hood : <strong>vary tortuous<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If someone frightens or escape, he can\u2019t elevate in social hierarchy &amp; remain child for whole life however wise he may be.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kipslgis<\/strong> (E. Africa) &#8211; are divided into two age -grades\n<ul>\n<li>Warrior \u2192 capture cattles, lead wars, defend the tribe &amp; in rich tribes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Senior Elders \u2192 defensive battles, council of elders, dispute resolution, preside initiative ceremonies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Village Council<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Here whole society is divided into separate village communities who are, for the most part,economically independent of each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features of Village council<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is found in <strong><u>marginal cultivating, pastoralist or gardener<\/u><\/strong> population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are <strong><u>sedentary<\/u><\/strong> in nature as against other tribes. They are less mobile or partially settled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Autonomous Council of Village<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; each village have to govern themselves\n<ul>\n<li>Each lineage is represented in the village council.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Collective Decision<\/u><\/strong> -a Tribal level<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Advisory nature of Decision<\/u><\/strong> : as there is no mechanism to enforce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pueblo Indians of North America<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yako<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ibo<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">State Societies \/ Centralised Political System<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong><u>State<\/u><\/strong> is<strong> Autonomous<\/strong>, <strong>hierarchical,<\/strong><strong>centralised form of political organisation <\/strong>encompassing <strong><u>clearly definedsocial-economic class<\/u><\/strong>, <strong><u>territory<\/u><\/strong> &amp; <strong>centralised govt <\/strong>whichhave the <strong>power to collect taxes, monopoly of force &amp; bureaucracy <\/strong>and&nbsp; can <strong>make<\/strong>, <strong>decrease &amp; enforce laws<\/strong> which are <strong>equally binding<\/strong> on every one in group <strong>under their jurisdiction.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>State societies<\/u><\/strong> are the societies which have <strong>defined territory &amp; centralised Authority &amp; political structure<\/strong> with <strong>centralised head at top <\/strong>&amp; wide range of <strong>permanent institution<\/strong> having legislative, executive &amp; judicially functions &amp; inevitably a large bureaucracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Feature of State &amp; State societies<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Central concept &#8211; concept of <strong>legitimate force to implement policy<\/strong> both internally &amp; externally<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In it govt\/ ruler tires to maintain <strong>Monopoly on use of physical force.<\/strong> In from of police force, a militia, a standing army.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruler\/ govt don\u2019t maintain order by force alone. People must believe at least to some extent that <strong>those in power have a legitimate right to govern.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Such societies are characterised by <strong>class stratification <\/strong>\u2192 restricted access to basic economic resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generally supported by <strong>system of intensive agriculture \u2192 <\/strong>high productivity \u2192 allow emergence of cities, high degree of economic &amp; other kind of specialisation , commercial exchange &amp; extensive foreign trade .&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State are not formally organised on the basis of <strong>Kinship or descent<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their population are divided into <strong>Socio-economic classes or strata<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>typically draw at least broad distinction b\/w upper &amp; lower strata namely <strong>elite &amp; common.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Need of elite take precedence over those of common people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tendency toward <strong>endogamy<\/strong> of each <strong>stratum<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though have redistributive system, compared to chiefdom, generosity is underplayed in State.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Emergence of State<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/16416239-3140-2c21-81ea-ad15f1a6e827\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Different Types of State<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Primitive State<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Collective Chiefdom<\/u><\/strong> (Multi-centric Chiefdom)\n<ul>\n<li>Group of chiefs, all enjoying equal rights, jointly take decision \u2192 multi-centric Authority<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No centralised Authority, delegation of Authority<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Economic surplus, No social stratification,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Paramount Chiefdom<\/u><\/strong> (Centralised chiefdom)\n<ul>\n<li>Two Main characteristics &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Subunits \u2192 structurally &amp; functionally different<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Centralised leadership<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exists in ranked society, higher &amp; lower status to some lineage, some individual<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centralised L- Authority is vested in <strong>superior\/ Paramount chief<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Inherits office (sometimes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>True Authority figure&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>group of chiefs<\/u><\/strong> function under paramount chief ,\n<ul>\n<li>are appointed by Paramount chief.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recognised hierarchy in major &amp; minor authorise<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Economic level<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; chief \u2192 control productive activists\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Redistributive System<\/u><\/strong> of exchange\n<ul>\n<li>Chief to collect &amp; distributive <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/6ad12d12-0a06-8a73-76c6-9e57c9fcb2b7\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Benefits\n<ul>\n<li>Prevents outbreak of violence b\/w Segments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Give society great degree of military power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Densely populated, permanent settlement, manly pastoral, or intensive agri<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex. Chiefdom of <strong>Luapula (Zambia-Zaire boundary)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Paramount chief\n<ul>\n<li>Territorial<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sub chiefs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Village headmen \u2192 responsible to paramount chief<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Members of village \u2192 allegiance&nbsp; to paramount chief rather than headmen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>New headman \u2192 must be approved by chief.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One <strong><u>paramount chief <\/u><\/strong>is rare in North American tribes. Their may be one peace chief, award chief, talking chief etc that is collective chiefdom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kingship<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>It\u2019s special type of Paramount chiefdom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Certain individuals are deemed as kings as per traditional or superstitious beliefs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right &amp; Authorities are vested in <strong>single family i.e dynamic rule<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advantage\n<ul>\n<li>Put end to struggle for political power&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drawbacks\n<ul>\n<li>Heir may not have ability to rule<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May not function at crisis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May also lead to tyrannical rule &amp; absence of social Justice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ex &#8211; <strong>Swati of South Africa<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zulu<\/strong> of South Africa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bantu<\/strong> of Africa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>common features of Primitive state or chiefdoms<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>They have defined territories but <strong>without boundaries <\/strong>which are well defined\n<ul>\n<li>Boundaries are not line of control but frontiers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some hereditary tendencies are found in some chiefdoms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chief is differentiated from headman by degree of Authority.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Functions of chief are different in different societies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Archaic State<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>these are feudalistic &amp; city state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feudalistic State : Territories occupied &amp;&nbsp; governed by feudal lords<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>16th &amp; 17th century \u2192 city State at Europe ; this state are ruled around a city.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concentration of power at individual at top i.e <strong><u>Syria<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Modern State<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>it emerged in 19th century in Europe &amp; other countries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Characterised by Democracy , law &amp; election<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Nation State<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Ist Germany\n<ul>\n<li>Organised out of<strong> zeal of Nationalism<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>New Nation State<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Those which have experienced colonialism in recent history &amp; got independence from colonialism &amp; imperialism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>State on modern lines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Add introductory content before staring Archaic State &amp; modern states<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Case study Of State<\/u><\/strong> : <strong>Hebe (Tanganyika, Africa)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Belief : earlier \u2192 small tribes \u2192 linked by two legend men \u2192 ancestor\n<ul>\n<li>Present line of chief \u2192 descent of these men<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chief power <em>&#8211; <\/em>legislative, Administrative, economic &#038; military but not <strong>autocrat<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Assisted by traditional Council \u2192 consensus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chief \u2192 wealthy man \u2192 monopoly of ivory trade\n<ul>\n<li>Wealth of chief \u2192 source of advantage to community (During famine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Authority of chief supported by\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Magico-religious belief<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Religious belief (chief \u2192 acquired no of medicines)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>System of Ancestor Worship<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Tribal gods \u2192 dead rulers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sub-chief &#038; headman \u2192 subordinate position\n<ul>\n<li>Invoke ancestors for rain only with permission of chief.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Evolution of Political system is mainly due to advancement of economic systems. Political &amp; economic system go hand in hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Differences b\/w State &amp; stateless Society<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Though both try to maintain social order<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Features \/ Parameter<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Stateless<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>State<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td><td><\/td><td>are the societies which have defined territory &amp; centralised authority with centralised head at top<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td><td>Eskimos, Iking, Bushman<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Territory<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2022 Band &amp; age based no concept of territory \u2022&nbsp;village lineage \u2192 have concept of territory, but no boundary<\/td><td>defined territory as well as boundary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>locus of Authority<\/strong><\/td><td>\u2022 Band &amp; village based \u2192 totally absent \u2022&nbsp;age based \u2192 present at top \u2022&nbsp;linage \u2192 present at linage &amp; absent at top<\/td><td>always present at top &amp; always well defined<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Power of Authority<\/strong><\/td><td>total absence of use of physical force though SN force may be used in age based system.<\/td><td>Coercion \u2192 central concept<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>John Bathe\u2019s 3 Criteria of Anthropologist for Political Structure<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Degree of Centralisation \/ Decentralisation<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Central Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; State societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Headless Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Stateless Societies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Degree to which political function is specialised<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Part time specialist<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; stateless societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Full time specialist<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; State societies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Basis of Allocation of Authority<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Dyansitic<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Hereditary<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Elective<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Combination of these<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Power, Authority &amp; Legitimacy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Power<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction : power is <strong>universal aspect of social interaction<\/strong> . It plays imp role in shaping relationships among members of society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Definition :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Max Weber<\/u><\/strong> &#8220;Power is the <strong>probability<\/strong> that one actor within a social relationship is in a position to <strong>carry out his own will <\/strong>despite resistance, regardless of the bases on which this probability rests&#8230;. All conceivable qualities of a person and all conceivable combinations may put him in a position to impose his will in a given situation&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Lundberg<\/u><\/strong>: &#8220;Power means the extent to which persons or groups can limit or regulate the alternative courses of action open to other persons or groups, with or without their consent&#8221;.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Meaning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>capacity to take independent action in face of resistance from persons, groups or rules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Concept of Power Involves<\/u><\/strong> : Ability of person\n<ul>\n<li>To <strong><u>influence<\/u><\/strong> another : it a from of power which entails provision of models &amp; ideals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Coercive Control<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; to determine behaviour of other\n<ul>\n<li>It is performed thr commands &amp; enforced thr sanctions such as positive &amp; negative incentives.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Extent of power<\/u><\/strong> : k\/n by no. Of people influenced &amp; the no of times their behaviour is influenced<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Features<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Political activity<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; competition of individual for increase in such power\n<ul>\n<li>Power is fuel that that propels the political structure into action,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Not Institutionalised by Nature<\/u><\/strong> , is also <strong><u>Segmentary<\/u><\/strong> i.e can never be contained within Authority structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Characterised phenomena both in democratic as well as authoritarian system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Power Structures<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; very amorphous &#038; difficult to identify\n<ul>\n<li>There is submission of people to overall P.S in both \u2192 after establishing every P.S tends to be strong &amp; continues to thrive b\/c <strong>habit or inertia as well as indoctrination &amp; propaganda<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The larger the power structure becomes, the more difficult it becomes to overthrow it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong>Peter Oadjupur<\/strong>, \u201c Power structure or system are usually <strong>hierarchical <\/strong>in form with those at the top normally bearing more power than those at the lower level since decision made &amp; enjoyed at the top of pyramid have more widespread effect than those made further down.\u201d&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Power<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Can be classified into different types by employing different criteria.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Positional &amp; Non-Positional Power<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Positional (Structural Power)<\/u><\/strong> -by virtue of position in social structure\n<ul>\n<li>It is also called Authority. As whole social structure is viewed as legitimate power system&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Non Positional Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Independently of his position<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Lunderg\u2019s<\/u><u> Classification<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; into following 3 types\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Coercive Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; which threatens or use physical means to obtain compliance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Utilitarian Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; uses material rewards to obtain compliance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Identities Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; by use neural symbols Identify people\u2019s interest as that of org\u2019s interest<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Legal Perspective<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Legitimate<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; recognised &#038; accepted by society\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Legal Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; given by law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Traditional Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; drawn from customs &amp; tradtions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Charismatic Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; source in Peculiar quality of person<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Illegitimate<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Not accepted by society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Classification based on Influence<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Force<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; influence thr physical force ex &#8211; <strong>Dictatorship<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Domination<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when power is exercised thr <strong>order or advice <\/strong>ex &#8211; Parents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Manipulation<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; exercise of P by influencing others without explicit statement of intent ex &#8211; Propaganda<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Authority<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction : The concept of authority is closely linked to power. <strong>Institutionalised or Legitimate power <\/strong>is called Authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Definition ; Acc to <strong>Robert A. Dahl <\/strong>, \u201cLegitimate power is authority.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>or, These are commands which are effective b\/c those who are commanded regard the command to be legitimate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can also be defined as recognised right of leader to allocate resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Meaning<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Right to take certain action, including decision to issue commands.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It represents set of rules, norms, procedures that are regarded as binding when applied in given social unit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One on a competitive basis to all<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not stable : Increase or decrease with amount of power available.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Locus of Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; It is persons in whom authority is concentrated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Two types\n<ul>\n<li>Minority Locus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Well distributed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>System of Authority<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It includes locus &amp; functioning of Authority.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There are two criteria\n<ul>\n<li>End to which the authority is applied<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Means of Authority<\/strong>. ~ sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources &#8211; Acc to <strong><u>Max Weber<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; there are three source of political Authority&nbsp; i.e models for legitimisation of authority<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Traditional Authority<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>when a continuous use of political power or its exercise on the basis of customs &amp; traditions leads to emergence of right to rule.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Charismatic Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when right to rule springs from dynamism of a political leader.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Legal Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when right to rule emerges from the constitutional rules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Authority<\/u><\/strong> (depending on Centre)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Unicentric<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Band societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Multicentric<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Lineage societies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Central<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; cheifdom, archaic &amp; modern societies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Authority<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Based on Force (illegitimate)<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>brute force sanction behind it . Not exercised acc to law &amp; constitution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Constitutional Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; drives from it . Ex &#8211; Authority of Prez &amp; Governor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Charismatic Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; dynamic quality of leader<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religious Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; attributed to those who hold top position in some religious seat. Ex Shah imam of Shahi Mosque, Dehli &amp; Jathader of Akal Takth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Divine Right Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; if drives from god ex &#8211; James I &amp; Louis XIV of France consider themselves as <strong>deputies of god<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ancestral Heritage Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; father \u2192 son ; exists in monarchical govt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Authority of Elite<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; on basis of their personality, knowledge or riches<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Traditional Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; based on ancient customs, traditions &amp; conventions. Ex British political system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Rational Legal Authority<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; based in laws of Land &amp; exists mainly in democratic system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Legitimacy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; determine effectiveness of authority . Hence hall mark concept<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Dominance<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; group or individual which poses Authority , exercise dominance over other individuals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Informal Power<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; as <strong>Fredrick<\/strong> said \u2018Not power, but something that accompanied power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Rationality<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; giving convincing reason &#8211; evidently basis of authority is logic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Accountability<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; to some higher authority (most significant)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Limits of Authority<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>in words of <strong><u>Mariam<\/u><\/strong>, \u201cLeader of the man in Authority is like a bus driver. He is allowed to use his discretion in the selection of the <strong>road but he must take his passenger in the desired direction<\/strong> &amp; if he does n\u2019t they leave him on the way &amp; choose their own path.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Always subject to limits \u2192 if violated \u2192 subordinate can ignore or oppose it.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Authority losses legitimacy when it becomes ineffective to maintain law &amp; order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Difference b\/w Power &amp; Authority<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Always legitimate, but power may or mayn\u2019t be<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Based on consent<\/strong> whereas power is based on <strong>force<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More democratic than power as always legitimate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reflects <strong>ability of man to get this proposal accepted\/approved<\/strong> but power it the capacity to change the behaviour of others .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Thus authority is conformity with commands &amp; Authority without power is useless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Legitimacy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In a political system, to maintaining social order &amp; to make political system work besides coercion, additional factors are required to implement decisions. This additional factor is called <strong>legitimacy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The legitimacy of political system derives from the <strong>values of the people.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Defination<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Jean Beandel<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; \u201clegitimacy can be defined at <strong>extent to which population accepts naturally, without questioning, the organisation to which it belong<\/strong>s.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; it is not just moral or abstract to feeling, r\/l to with entire P.S<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Simply as in words of <strong><u>S.M Lipset<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; &#8211; it is the capacity of system to produce &amp; maintain a belief that existing P.S in most suitable for society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In modern times, <strong><u>Max Weber<\/u><\/strong>was first to enunciate the concept of legitimacy as a universal concept &#8211; Acc to him it is based on belief &amp; get obedience from the people<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Masses\n<ul>\n<li>Obey it un-reluctantly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accepts it\u2019s sanctity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Considers it worth of respect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Dahl<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; it is quality of rightness, propriety &amp; moral goodness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its meaning has changed from age to age.\n<ul>\n<li>During middle age it was used to express feeling against usurpation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But now revolutions can\u2019t be called illegitimate ex Bangladesh against Pak<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Sources<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Acc to <strong>Max Weber<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Traditional<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exceptional Personal (qualities) &#8211; Charismatic quality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legality &#8211; rest on belief that power is wielded in a way that is legal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Significance of Legitimacy<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is the soul of democracy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It enables rulers to govern within a minimum of political resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Dolf Sternberger<\/u><\/strong>, legitimacy is the foundation of governmental power which on the one hand makes the govt conscious of its right to rule &amp; on the other makes the <strong>governed aware of such rites.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to Weber, <strong>power should be based on legitimacy otherwise it would invite trouble &amp; prove ineffective.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types of Legitimacy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>David Easton<\/u><\/strong> describes three types of legitimacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Ideological Legitimacy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; when source is ideology prevailing in society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Structural Legitimacy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; principles leading to acceptance, validation of structural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Personal legitimacy<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; managing to build up a belief, trust worthiness<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social Control<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction : Society is harmonious organisation of human relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Any deviation from the established ways is considered threat to welfare.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Society, therefore, in order to exist &amp; progress has to exercise certain control over its members, which has been termed by social scientists as <strong>social control<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So, social Control is social &amp; political mechanism that regulates individual &amp; societal behaviour to maintain social order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning of Social Control<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Defined by <strong><u>McIver<\/u><\/strong> as \u201cThe way in which entire social order <strong>coheres &amp; maintain<\/strong> itself &#8211; how it operates as whole, as a changing equilibrium.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ogburn and Nimkoff<\/u><\/strong> \u201cthe patterns of pressure which a society exerts to maintain order and established rules\u201d is social control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>E. A. Ross<\/u><\/strong>, in his book \u201csocial Control\u201d&nbsp; meant by it the \u201csystem of devices whereby society brings its members into conformity with the accepted standards of behaviour.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ultimate aim \u2192 social continuity &amp; stablity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Nature of Social control<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; from definition following can be Notes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It is <strong>an influence<\/strong>&#8211; may be <strong>exerted<\/strong> by various methods thr public opinion, coercion, social suggestion, religion, appeal to reason or any other<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Exercised by Society<\/strong> &#8211; group is better able than single individual\n<ul>\n<li>Effectiveness depends on various factors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>effectiveness of any agency of social control depends on circumstances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For <strong>promoting community welfare<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Thr it individuals are made conscious of others\u2019s existence, their interests<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social control Is <strong>part of socialisation, <\/strong>also operational during later\n<ul>\n<li>Thr societies depend heavily upon <strong>effective socialisation <\/strong>to internalise social norm &amp; values as the individual\u2019s guide &amp; motives to action.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thr socialisation Societies aim to <strong>control the behaviour of its members unconsciously.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Malinowski <\/strong>equated social control with <strong>law<\/strong> in his \u201c<strong>Time &amp; custom in primitive societies<\/strong>\u201d &#038; gave the <strong><u>reason of social control<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Principle of Reciprocity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Principle of Mutual interdependence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to <strong>Brown <\/strong>social control are <strong>social sanctions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Need of Social Control<\/u><\/strong> (social solidarity is essential for the existence of society)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Society is <strong>heterogenous organisation<\/strong>, to maintain orderly life \u2192 Social order is must<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social control leads to <strong>uniformity in behaviour <\/strong>\u2192 social unity \u2192 solidarity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conformity \u2192&nbsp; <\/strong>To regulate individual behaviour \u2192 protect social interest &amp; satisfy common needs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To provide <strong>social sanction <\/strong>of norms \/ social ways of behaviour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Check <strong>cultural mal-adjustment<\/strong> \u2192 otherwise, <strong>disintegration<\/strong> ex Student, villager in city\n<ul>\n<li>Society is subject to change \u2192 individual has To adjust behaviour \u21a0&nbsp;but all can\u2019t \u2192 some become <strong>progressive<\/strong>, other remain<strong> conservative<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Evolution thr Ages<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/01d572a4-8bc7-0328-8cf3-8bf3f6274306\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Means of Social Control<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/98a8aeed-db00-6e89-6d68-a712449c07e4\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Describes a number of means that have been employed by social group thr-out human history &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Acc to some \u24c5<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>E.A. Ross<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; &#8211; Public opinion, law, custom, religion, mores, folkways<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>LE.C. Hayes<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Control by sanctions (reward &amp; Punishment)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>control by suggestion &amp; imitation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kimball Young<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>+ ve (reward) \u2192&nbsp; appreciation of certain of behaviour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>-ve (punishment) \u2192&nbsp; discouraging kind of beh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>F.E. Lumley<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Based on force<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>founded on symbols\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>direct individual behaviour<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Reward, praise, flattery<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>edu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>persuasion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Restraint &amp; Repression<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Gossip, name calling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Threat, criticism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ridicule, satire&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Propaganda, commands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Punishment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Luther L. Bernard<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Distinguished b\/w unconscious &#038; conscious means of control\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Unconscious<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; custom, tradition, convention<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Conscious<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; which are consciously developed &amp; employed by leaders<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to him conscious are more effective<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also distinguished b\/w exploitative &#038; constructive\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>exploitative<\/u><\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>Punishment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>intimidation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>censorship<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Repression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>constructive<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Belief in supernatural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Custom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Social reform<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also distinguished b\/w <strong>positive &amp; negative<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Positive are more effective as well as desirable b\/c human responds more easily to promises than to threats, to peace means than to physical coercion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Informal means<\/u> \u2192<\/strong> effective in simple societies as fare-face interaction.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Belief<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; conviction that particular thing is true \u2192 determine behaviour, interest &#038; purpose\u00a0 in society \u2192 influence on action. Ex belief in theory of reincarnation\n<ul>\n<li>The question of their validity doesn\u2019t necessarily determine their effectiveness as social control.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social suggestion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; i.e indirect Communication of ideas, feeling &amp; other mental states. Thr ex of great \uc637, literature &amp; education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ideology<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Social theory that interpret social reality &#8211; powerful dynamic force of control social life \u2192 provide set of value, make life meaningful\u00a0 \u2192 stimulate action\n<ul>\n<li>Depends on its complement ness &amp; coherence, its vision of future, its ability to hold men\u2019s imagination, its consistency &amp; its ability to meet criticism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Folkways<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; recognised mode of behaviour. (Spontaneous &#038; unconscious)\n<ul>\n<li>socially approved &#8211; foundation of culture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Become matter of habit, \u2192 followed unconsciously \u2192 influence behaviour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mores<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; folkways of great significance ex &#8211; monogamy, prohibition, endogamy, anti-slavery\n<ul>\n<li>violation \u2192&nbsp; punish.&nbsp; I.e <strong>Instrument of control<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Certain my be harmful for physical well being of individual yet these must be obeyed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Customs<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; long est habits &#038; usage of people.\n<ul>\n<li>control selfish impulses &amp; binds men\u2019s together<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>violation \u2192&nbsp; Not only crime but also <strong>sacrilege<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religion<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; belief in powers superior to man\n<ul>\n<li>defender of status quo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fear ol S.N. Power<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Art &amp; lit.<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; influence imagination &#038; control behaviour.\n<ul>\n<li>Appreciation of culture &#8211; dance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>painting &#8211; sympathy, hatred. (May arouse feeling)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Public opinion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; &#8211; fear of ridicule, desire for recognition, fear of isolation&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>shame, ridicule, sarcasm, disapproval., social discrimination., edu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Formal means<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Law<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; due to society grow in size &#038; complexity \u2192\u00a0 compelled to form rules i.e law\n<ul>\n<li>defines duties &amp; rights<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>punishment for violation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prohibits certain action eg. untouchability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Education<\/u><\/strong> \u2192\u00a0 process <strong>socialisation<\/strong>. tolerance, sacrifice.\n<ul>\n<li>Corrects beliefs &amp; removes prejudice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discipline, co-op, tolerance, sacrifice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Coercion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Ultimate means of Social control\n<ul>\n<li>Physical control &#8211; Least form of S.C &amp; least desirable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non Violent Control &#8211; strike, boycott, non-cooperation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Informal means have more effect on individual&nbsp; as social values become internalised , thus becoming aspects of individual personality. Though in totalitarian state social control has reached maximum point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Every man&#8217;s life is under state direction and regulation. In democracies also, social control is no less vast. A number of voluntary bodies have cropped up to influence others&#8217; behavior. The increasing complexity of culture will increase rather than diminish the need for effective social control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Law &amp; Justice in Simple Societies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Law (customary)&nbsp; are social norm whose violation evokes formal procedure with socially recognised individual or group imposing sanction on wrongdoers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong> in his \u201c<strong>Crime &amp; customs in primitive societies<\/strong>\u201d states that \u201cThe fundamental Sanction of law to curb certain <strong>natural propensities<\/strong> &amp; <strong>control human instincts<\/strong> &amp; to impose a <strong>non- spontaneous compulsory behaviour.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Law &amp; justice in simple societies are delivered with the help of <strong><u>customary law<\/u><\/strong> to insure social control. It differs from that of modern societies b\/c of different socio-economic conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Primitive Law<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to <strong><u>Majumdar &amp; Madan<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Primitive Law \u2192 set of principles which permits use of force to maintain political &amp; social org within territory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PL is based on clan &amp; party org<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Punishment is awarded in form of fine compensation, communal feast etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Breath of law is taken as to affect not only individual, but whole society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R.C Brown <\/strong>states that some simple societies have <strong>no law altogethe<\/strong>r they have <strong>customs<\/strong> which are supported by <strong>sanctions<\/strong>. Which are of two types\n<ul>\n<li>Positive Social Sanctions &#8211; approval of act thr awards, rewards , clapping, cheering etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Negative social sanction &#8211; disapproval of act thr abuse, mockery, punishment etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In tribal society, we find <strong>normative rules <\/strong>for protecting human life &amp; property e.g <strong>incest taboo, condemnation of adultery<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Spontaneous growth, customary laws<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Law in primitive societies \u2192 totality of customs\n<ul>\n<li><strong>whole<\/strong> society responsible for <strong>creation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Why no full time specialist\n<ul>\n<li>No surplus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Small population<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Less complex social order<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Source of Primitive\/ customary Laws<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Customs<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Preliterate society \u2192 social custom imp source of law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some behaviour if harmful \u2192 rejected &amp; if useful \u2192 adopted<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Customs \u2192 compulsory&nbsp; ; if disobey \u2192 punishment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>System of punishment on breach of custom is gradually evolved ; gradually customs becomes social laws<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hand over from generation to generation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social organisation<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Social org \u2192 chieftain or leaders highest position \u2192 authority + powers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Order of chieftain \u2192 law<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Public opinion<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Very imp in primitive society as face &#8211; face interaction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control behaviour in form of law&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religion<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Provides code of behaviour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compliance is compulsory as that of law &amp; generally no one dares to discovery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Social Panchayats<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Panchayat is simple society to keep control over individual in society<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decision of panchayat \u2192 law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disobey \u2192 punish \u2192 generally in form of communal feast.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features of Primitive laws<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They are non codified &amp; customary in nature<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Have simple law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No specialists to deliver law &amp; justice<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>conceived largely in terms of <strong>kinship<\/strong> than my territorial limits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>predominately criminal law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>every body &#8211;&nbsp; representative &amp; policeman \ud83d\udc6e\u200d\u2642\ufe0f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Breach of norm \u2192 sin \u2192 punished by supernatural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main characteristics &#8211;&nbsp; kinshintie &amp; collective Eile responsibility of kin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Punishment \u2192 eye for eye, murder for m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>crime \u2192 determined on basis of <strong>oath &amp; ordeal<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Mechanism of Justice<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Procedure thr which social control is achieved<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Identification &amp; Estd of Wrong<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Wrong is not established thr evidence but thr<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>ordeals<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; in it accused has <strong>to go thr some task if he escape w\/o any injury<\/strong> \u2192 Not guilty ex\n<ul>\n<li>among <strong><u>Maler<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; he has to lick red hot sacred axe three times<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In <strong>Kriya<\/strong> &#8211; asked to take salt smeared with cock\u2019s blood<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Oaths<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; in name of god ;\n<ul>\n<li>in <strong>Malaer<\/strong> taken by touching the sacred sword &amp; uttering \u2018I will die if I tell lie\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Oracles<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; asking some type of questions to the suspect after oath administered<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Concept behind punishment<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>To compensate the affected party&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To purify the soul of wrong doer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To bring enemies together.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Enforcement of law and punishment<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is mostly informal (but can be formal)&nbsp; and comprises following.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Public opinion &amp; Mockery<\/u><\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>people live face to face in small communities \u2192 <strong>difficult to tolerate gossip &amp; public ridicule<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, ethical norms \u2192&nbsp; watch dog \u2192&nbsp; ethical behaviour is very much followed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Magic, witchcraft &amp; sorcery<\/u><\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>if&nbsp; not following social norms \u2192 branded of witch or sorcerer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fear of being accused \u2192&nbsp; influences behaviour of people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For example, <strong>Taikopia<\/strong> observed by <strong><u>Raymond Firth.<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Fear of black magic also acts as potent sanction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Isolation, avoidance and social boycott<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Threat of withdrawal of reciprocity through These<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As in simple societies \u2192 co-op is inherent (e.g Eskimos)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus hardly tolerate social boycott \u2192&nbsp; influencing social behaviour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Fear of supernatural power<\/u><\/strong> :\n<ul>\n<li>It is believed that violating social norms will invite the wrath of supernatural power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g. age set based society in <strong>Yako and Masai.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Revenge<\/u><\/strong>: Practice of killing against killing.\n<ul>\n<li>E.g. Fear of killing in <strong>Tiv of Nigeria<\/strong> regulates social behaviour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Fear of Fine<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Fine may be in the form of communal feast or various types of services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Punishment for Crime<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Crime = violation of divine system<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simple societies\n<ul>\n<li>Principle of redistribution (give suitable punishment)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Principle of compensation of loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Principle of collective responsibility (family, clan &amp; local group)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Weir Guild (Compensation)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Fine in cash or kind &#8211; E.g\n<ul>\n<li>American tribals \u2192 destroying some valuable possession of guilty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kamar (MP) &#8211; adultery &#8211; fine money<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Samon \u2192 Criminal give victim some valuable present<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Peaceful means of settlement<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Avoidance<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Violence can be avoided if parties in dispute voluntarily avoid each other \u2192 moving to opposite sides of camp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shifting horticulturist may also split out when intense conflict<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Community action<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Family \u2192 autonomous in most matters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Carry out daily task within complex system of taboo due to fear of sprits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Negotiation &amp; Mediation<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Either parties settle dispute by themselves<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Or with a medication<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g Nuer (E. Sudan ) \u2192 <strong>Leopard skin chief<\/strong> \u2192 Mediator<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Apology<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Desire to restore harmonising relationship \u2192 guilt party asked for forgiveness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E.g Fijians in S. Pacific \u2192 \u201c<strong>Soro\u201d<\/strong><strong>ceremony of apology<\/strong> \u2192 offender keeps head bowed &amp; remains silent &amp; offer token gift to offended person<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Oath &amp; Ordeal<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Under supernatural control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Adjudication<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>By people\/ Council of elders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Magic &amp; witchcraft<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>if&nbsp; not following social norms \u2192 branded of witch or sorcerer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fear of being accused \u2192&nbsp; influences behaviour of people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For example, <strong>Taikopia<\/strong> observed by Raymond Firth.\n<ul>\n<li>Fear of black magic also acts as potent sanction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Violent Means<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Individual Violence<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Violent behaviour is some times used to control behaviour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Feuding<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>State of recurring hostility b\/w grousp \u2192 motived by desires to avenge offence against enemy groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Killing of any member of opposing group to take revenge eg. Tiv&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Raid<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Short term use of force to realise a <strong><u>limited objective<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; \u2192 acquire goods, animals or other wealth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Especially in pastoral, community for cattle, horses, camels, money, wives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Warfare<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Society with &#8211; intensive agri &amp; industrialisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Specialised in army, tech, strategies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Case study<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kamar Panchayat of MP<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>No central authority, tribal panchayat \u2192 supreme power in social control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Renama Naga of Assam<\/u><\/strong>,\n<ul>\n<li>interesting practice of settling family dispute\n<ul>\n<li>through <strong>crying loudly by the offending party is there<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ultimately an elderly person always succeeds to come to a conclusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In case of <strong><u>arson &amp; homicide<\/u><\/strong>, the accused is exiled and his house is destroyed leaving aside the hearth stone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus as social control is ultimate goal of every society, law and justice exists in simple societies too but in customary form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>while judging both sides eye witness &amp; oaths<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>customary law\n<ul>\n<li>Homicide \u2192&nbsp; condoned when accused gives Penal feast.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stealing \u2192&nbsp; No punishment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>personal disputes \u2192 exchange of blows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>crime against tribal norm \u2192&nbsp; tribal council or Supernatural power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Incest \u2192&nbsp; supernatural<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>setting fire to jungle&nbsp; \u2192&nbsp; serious offence \u2192&nbsp; cursed by entire community<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Theft \u2192 from culprits property after death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adultery \u2192&nbsp; fine money \u2192&nbsp; tainted money &#8211;&nbsp;&nbsp; distributed among poor or destroyed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> : laws in simple society are customary practices which helps in maintaining S.C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Law V\/s Custom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Law<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Custom<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Made by<\/td><td>explicitly &amp; deliberately&nbsp; made by power of states<\/td><td>group procedure &amp; emerges gradually<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consciously<\/td><td>consciously created<\/td><td>emerges spontaneously<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Enforcement Agency&nbsp;<\/td><td>Need special agency<\/td><td>no need ; enforced by spontaneous social actions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Specificity<\/td><td>specific, defined &amp; Clear<\/td><td>Not definite &amp; clear &#8211; Not codified<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>flexibility<\/td><td>\u2022&nbsp;more flexible &amp; adaptable \u2022 can be immediately enacted to meet emergency<\/td><td>Relatively fixed &amp; permanet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abolition<\/td><td>disappear only when abolished by recognised authority<\/td><td>fade &amp; disappear w\/o formal abolition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nature<\/td><td>More idealistic<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dealt Matter<\/td><td>More ; deals with matter <strong>vital to life of society<\/strong><\/td><td>ordinary &amp; familiar matter<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>But both supplement &amp; complement each other.&nbsp; custom \u2192 imp source of law, consolidates law &amp; facilitate its practice. Just as custom supplement law, so law also supplements customs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All societies comprise of individuals but the social norms or the rules that bind people&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>4.0: Political Organisation and Social Control - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/4-0-political-organisation-and-social-control\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"4.0: Political Organisation and Social Control - 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