{"id":670,"date":"2025-09-28T03:01:21","date_gmt":"2025-09-28T03:01:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?page_id=670"},"modified":"2025-09-28T03:01:23","modified_gmt":"2025-09-28T03:01:23","slug":"1-6-phylogenetic-status-characteristics-and-geographical-distribution-of-human-fossils","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/1-6-phylogenetic-status-characteristics-and-geographical-distribution-of-human-fossils\/","title":{"rendered":"1.6: Phylogenetic Status, Characteristics, and Geographical Distribution of Human Fossils"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Australopithecines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Was the earliest <strong><u>hominid<\/u><\/strong> &amp; probably the ancestor of modern humans. They belong to<strong><u>Plio-pleistocene<\/u><\/strong> period, appeared 4 mya or even before in African continent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Time Period<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; 5.5 mya &#8211; 1.8 mya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Distribution<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/63560085-9b06-8d07-f1eb-e87b6b8cc89d\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In 1924, <strong><u>Rayond Dart<\/u><\/strong> discovered some fossils at <strong>Taung (South Africa) <\/strong>&amp; named it as <strong>Australopithecus <\/strong>means \u201cSouthern apes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 1938, <strong><u>Robert Brown<\/u><\/strong> found similar fossils at <strong>Sterkfontein <\/strong>(SA)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Similar fossils were found by at Makapansgat, Aramis (Ethiopia), Kanapoi (Kenya) by <strong><u>Leakey<\/u><\/strong> in 1995, olduvai Gorgre &amp; Lactoli (Tanzania)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Forms of Australopithecus<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Gracile &#8211; includes <strong>Australopithecus Africanus<\/strong> (Strekfontein &amp; Makapansgat), A. Anamenisis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Robust &#8211; Australopithecus Robustus (Kromdroai &amp; Swartkrans) , &amp; A. Boisei<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Out of these two forms, Robust became extinct &amp; Gracile form gave rise to modern man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/ad94bd65-1477-a071-442d-ec6d2f7324f3\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features &amp; Character<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Similarities\n<ul>\n<li>Presence of Mastoid process<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comparable hight &#8211; 3.5 -4.5 ft<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Doliocephalic<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parabolic dention arcade ( less in robustus)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of chin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presence of Linea aspera<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lumbar curve in vertebral column<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Character<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Gracile Form<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Robust Form<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Distribution<\/td><td>East Africa<\/td><td>East Africa &amp; South Africa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Time<\/td><td>4.4 &#8211; 2.0 mya<\/td><td>2.3 &#8211; 1.8 mya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bodily Features<\/td><td>\u2756 light built \u2756 Relatively long arms \u2756 Ape like features are seen in A. Afarensis. \u2756 More human like features seen in A. Africanus \u2756 Sexual dimorphism is seen<\/td><td>\u2756 heavily built \u2756 Relatively long arms \u2756 Human like Features \u2756 Sexual Dimorphism is seen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Cranial Features<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cranial Capacity<\/td><td>400 -600 cc ; larger Brain relative to body size<\/td><td>500 -600 cc ; larger Brain relative to body size<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cranial Vault<\/td><td>high &amp; expanded in A. Africanus ; include major part of brain lies above level of face unlike apes.<\/td><td>Low &amp; not expanded<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sagittal Crest&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>absent<\/strong> ,( human feature) -indicating weak temporal muscles<\/td><td>present<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>occipital Tores<\/td><td>low<\/td><td>relatively high<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Frontal Region<\/td><td>A. Afarensis &#8211; low, flat forehead A. Africanus &#8211; higher &amp; well developed forehead<\/td><td>underdeveloped, long &amp; broad<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supra Orbitals ridge<\/td><td>less prominent<\/td><td>large<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Foramen Magnum<\/td><td>Downwards &amp; forwardly placed&nbsp; suggest \u21a0 balanced skull &amp; erect posture<\/td><td>Downward &amp; forwardly placed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Brain <\/strong>Expended cerebral cortex especially partial &amp; associated areas suggesting they had some form of symbolic communication \u2191 size of cerebellum allowed free control of movements during locomotion &amp; manipulation of hands. Well developed -fore head suggesting the expansion of frontal lobes of brain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Size<\/td><td>relatively small<\/td><td>relatively large<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Facial Features <\/strong>facial part larger than cranial part with marked prognathous my<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nasal Bone<\/td><td>A. Afarensis&nbsp; &#8211; completely flattened<\/td><td>slightly elevated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Jaws<\/td><td>Large &amp; extremely Prognatuous<\/td><td>Relatively less prognatus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Dentition<\/strong> : Hominid Dentition Pre molar are large but <strong>bicuspid<\/strong> like modern man. Molars are large. Wearing out pattern similar to man &amp; its downwards<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dental Arch<\/td><td>Parabolic<\/td><td>less parablic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diastena<\/td><td>Present n A. Afarensis<\/td><td>Absent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Molars<\/td><td><\/td><td>bigger &amp; stronger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diet<\/td><td>Omnivorous<\/td><td>vegetarians<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Post Cranial Features <\/strong>Probably bipedal : jog &#8211; trot like bipedal locomotion in quick short steps with bent knee &amp; hipPresence of lumbar curve which indicates bipedalism Broadened &amp; short illium Femur with <strong>torsion angle<\/strong> &amp; <strong>linea aspera<\/strong> present on it for attachment of muscles Well developed arches present in footForelimbs short than hind limbs. Fore limbs without sign of any weight bearing activity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pelvis &amp; Leg<\/td><td>close to human<\/td><td>combination of gorilloid &amp; human pattern<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Foot<\/td><td>Absence of divergent big toe<\/td><td>presence of divergent big toe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Morphology<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stature<\/td><td>short, slender A. Afarensis 150 cm (~ 5ft)<\/td><td>large in size<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/td><td>Anatomical features indicates gracile form of A was essentially bipedal &amp; erect in posture<\/td><td>sufficiently bipedal &amp; less errect than gracile type<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>New Evolutionary Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Forehead &#8211; slanting backward<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Mastoid<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; inverted pyramid behind ear appeared<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Linea Aespra<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; elongated X shaped projection &#8211; <strong>back of femur<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These two direct evidence of bipedalism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to biomedical research of <strong>Lovejoy <\/strong>(2010) &#8211; in early stages, had shifting gait while slowly, he would stumble.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Hunting &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Leakey<\/strong> ; meat eater &amp; tool makers &#8211; basis bones of animals &amp; primtive tools in olduvai gorge &#8211; choppper chopping<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to Palaeontologist <strong>, <u>Dart<\/u><\/strong>, Australopithecus used <strong><u>bones, horn &amp; teeth<\/u><\/strong> of bigger animals as tools for hunting. He called this culture as <strong>Osteokeratodontic<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Susmanne (2007) <\/strong>&#8211; absence of large canine + fire \u2192 hunting meaningless; whole have been <strong>Scavanger &amp; hunted small animals<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>According to <strong><u>Phil Bean<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; there is evidence of use of <strong>Symbolic Language <\/strong>during this time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Were living in community<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Tanzanian Paleo Anthropologist <strong><u>Fidelis Masao<\/u><\/strong> fount fossils foot prints at <strong>Laetoli fossil site in North Tanzania, \u2192 <\/strong>traveled in group (sometimes over dozens<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\/c ~ 3.7 mya Africa turned into grassland complete \u2192 so where vulnerable to predators \u2192 so depend on numerical strength in order to depend themselves .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Home Base <\/strong>&#8211; harmful for large animals living in group &#038; spending nights on tress \u2192 much needed protection.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Leakey<\/u><\/strong> in Olduvai found Semi-circular home like structure , probably used as screen in olduvai gorge \u2192 definite home<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Division of labour <\/strong>&#8211; he assumed that there was DoL based on age &amp; sex. If bipedal Hunter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally <strong>Dart <\/strong>concluded Australopithecus as <strong>hominid.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Status<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These show both ape like &amp; hominid charactistic features but hominid features are overwhelming. There is no unanimous opinion on the Australopithecus taxonomy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Flowing theories have been proposed for phylogenetic status of Australopithecus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Two Branch Theory<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; given by <strong><u>Johanson &amp; Timothy<\/u><\/strong> ; was accepted till 1985\n<ul>\n<li>Acc to it, East African fossil <strong><u>A. Aferensis<\/u><\/strong> split into two branches &#8211; around 3mya\n<ul>\n<li>Australopithecine line (more sold body)&nbsp; &#8211; represented by A. Africanus (lived up to 2mya), P. Robustus, P. Boisei<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hominid line (more slender body) &#8211; Homo habilis, homo errectus &amp; Homo sapiens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The australopithecine line progressively became robust.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This theory has its variants also&nbsp; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/bdd20633-4e12-ef4d-a3ab-82a089cc97f2\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Three Branch Theory<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In <strong>1985<\/strong>, a new type of skull was discovered c\/l Australopithecine aethiopicus by <strong><u>Allen Walker<\/u><\/strong> from <strong>Northern Kenya<\/strong>. In 1994, <strong><u>A. ramidus<\/u><\/strong> was discovered from <strong>Aramis<\/strong> &amp; in 1995 <strong>A. anamnesis<\/strong> from Kanapoi (Kenya). These discoveries have led to the change in the evolution of Australopithecines which is given below. 3 branch theory: <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/29fa24c0-ce21-0e88-7276-a6bf16a70f60\"><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Importance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Compared to the earlier australopithecines, members of the genus Homo were also <strong>developing larger bodies and brains<\/strong>, starting to obtain meat by hunting or scavenging carcasses, and crafting sophisticated stone tools.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bipedalism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their canine teeth were smaller than those found in apes, and their cheek teeth were larger than those of modern humans.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evolving territoriality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A large brain size<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Civilisation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>what shift in subsistence strategies might be consistent with the change in body proportions between Australopithecus and Homo ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Paranthropus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; The lineage of Australopithecus during <strong>late Pliocene &amp; early Pleistocene<\/strong> split into 2 genus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Homo (More slender body)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paranthropus (more solid body) &#8211; Hominids of it aka <strong>Robust Australopithecus<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>General Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Avg height 4 feet &amp; weight around 120 lbs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skull larger than Australopithecus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Caranial capacity &#8211; 500 cc <\/strong>; had lower brain to body sizer ration (comparatively)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It\u2019s cranial vault &#8211; is low placed &amp; not expanded &#8211; unlike Australopithecus<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Had heavy brow ridges ; supra orbital ridges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No vertical forehead &amp; moderately developed sagittal crest (absent in \u2642)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hominid teeth &#8211; arranged in <strong>parabolic dental Arcade<\/strong> (with slightly more U- shaped)\n<ul>\n<li>with relatively small incisors &amp; canine<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>With no canine diastema<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Premolars &amp; molars , however were quite large<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entire dentition probably designed for extreme crushing &amp; grinding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Simian Self<\/u><\/strong> parents unlike Australopithecus (it is bony thickness on the front of the ape mandible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Massive jaws with <strong>moderate prognathism<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More extensive neck muscles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forwardly (slightly ) placed foramen magnum on the skull base<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Post Cranial skeleton shows a mixture of Gorlilloid &amp; hominid traits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hand skeleton indicates <strong>knuckle &#8211; walking<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Divergent big toe<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Representatives &amp; Distribution<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>P. robustaus<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; more massive from <strong>South African<\/strong>, 3.11 feet ; 40-80 kg ; large cranial capacity &amp; pronounced supra &#8211; orbital ridges &amp; massive Zygomatic arch (form prominence of cheek)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>P. boisei<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0 from <strong>East Africa <\/strong>measuring 4.4 feet tall &#038; 40-80 kg in weight.\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Leakey<\/u><\/strong> refered it as Zinjanthropus boisei<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These fossils were also discovered from Tanzania, Kenya &amp; Ethiopia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Homo habilis&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In the early, 1960s, <strong>Leakey<\/strong> discovered a fossil of a form at <strong>Olduvai Gorge<\/strong>, which is now known as earliest known species of genes Homo. The age of fossils is estimated to be <strong><u>around 2 &#8211; 1.5 mya<\/u><\/strong>.&nbsp; Acc to Leakey he is contemporary to A. boisei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Distribution<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/35dcee7f-342b-b406-70f6-920f4ecba4ad\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>1960 : Leaky \u2192 Olduvai George (Tanzania) \u2192 Fragmentary Skull<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1976 : Leaky \u2192 lake Turkana \u2192 compete skull<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1986 : T. White \u2192 Olduvai George \u2192 a skull, right leg &amp; right arm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fossils are also found in Sterkofetein &amp; Swarikrni (south Africa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Short &amp; disproportionately long arm compared to modern human (\u2264 3 feet in hight)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cranial capacity &#8211; 700 cc ; brain to body size ration also suggest advancement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Habilis was tool maker.<\/strong> The toolkit is referred as <strong>Olduvan Industry. <\/strong>Include\n<ul>\n<li>Cutting tools, scraping tools &amp; tools to make tools.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Also evidence of composite tools<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meat, plants &amp; wood were worked upon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bones seeds &amp; nuts were cracked open.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Larger brain involves longer gestation, larger newborns &#038; greater longevity.\n<ul>\n<li>The Brain engagement was perhaps the <strong>cause &amp; effect of dietary shifts<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>When compared with Australopithecus<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Developed frontal lobes in brain<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced brow ridges (Supra &#8211; Orbitals)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduced low jaw<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Less protruding face<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skull is more round<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digits of hands are more similar to monkey &amp; apes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>When compared to Modern man<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Similar structure of hand \u2192 mastered olduwan tools with pebbles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Similar teeth \u2192 permolar with 2 cusps ; parabolic arched<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hind limbs morphology clearly like humans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Begging of <strong>Palaeolithic Culture<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maker of Stone tools \u2192 <strong>Handy Man <\/strong>&#8211; \u201cLeaky\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lived in <strong>subtropical Savanna<\/strong> near streams &amp; lakes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Living in such climatic condition (<strong>adoptive<\/strong> characters they manufactured tools &amp; erected bipedaly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Laid foundation<\/strong> of modern human way of life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He used <strong>tools<\/strong> such as Choppers, scraper, burins etc ; recovered from Olduvai gorge site around 2 mya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Division of Labour <\/u><\/strong>&#8211; women &amp; children food gathering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Setting up temporary camps<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sharing meat &amp; gathering vegetable food<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Archeological records show homo Habilis hunter posed fairly high degree fo co-operation &amp; some organised social activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Status<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Homo habilis is though to be the ancestor of the Lankier(tall) &amp; more sophisticated <strong>Homo Ergester<\/strong>, which in turn gave rise to the more human appearing species, H. Erectus <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/104ad24d-62f6-4837-5fdc-ba6346866b79\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, few findings in 2007 , suggested that H. Habits also have co-existed with Homo erectus in Africa for a period of 0.5 mya &amp; may be seperate lineage developed from a common ancestor instead of a H. Erectus which descended from H. Habilis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Why Homo habilis, not Australopithecus habilis<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>major criteria &#8211; brain size , high brain to body ration ; comparatively developed temporal lobes(memory), parietal lobes (info analysis), speech processing area&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Counter argument &#8211; teeth are larger than relative to body size , Limbs proportions show they are closer to Australia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>At around 1.6 mya another specie found ; erectus ; how it got evolved so fast if it was evolved from habilis ; Possibility<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>rapid burst of change &#8211; aka <strong><u>Punctuated Evolution<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some relatively isolated habiline began to evolve into erectus at much earlier date leaving teh rest of their kind to continue unchgned &amp; eventually go extinct about 1.6 mya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; The time between 2 and 1.5 million years ago has been called the &#8220;<strong>crucial humanizing period<\/strong>&#8221; Recent fossil finds from this time have widened the debate as to how many species of hominids lived in Africa then, and who evolved into what. More fossils may serve to clarify the picture, or further to confuse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Homo erectus&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As per the evidence, Around 1.8 mya , 180 cm with slender leges &amp; very little body hairs hominid originated in African. Later spread to all over the world &amp;&nbsp; outlived other hominids. It is the <strong>1st undisputed member<\/strong> of genus &#8211; homo. It was found from 1.6 &#8211; 0.12 mya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Time Period<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Asia &#8211; 1.8 mya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S Africa &#8211; 1.8 mya<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E Africa &#8211; 1 -1.6 mya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Distribution<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/8cfc3da9-3efe-da1b-e2a7-f229e1dc434a\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>In Africa<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>East Africa<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Lake <strong>Turkana<\/strong>, Koobi fora, Nariokotome &#8211; Kenya &#038; also Tanzanian &#8211; <strong><u>Leaky<\/u><\/strong> \u2192 full skeleton of a boy\n<ul>\n<li>E. Turkana (1.8 mya) &#8211; oldestest well dated H. Erectus, great amount of variation seen among individuals, possibly due to sexual dimorphism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Olduvai &#8211;&nbsp; Ethiopia (1.4 mya) &#8211; large Individual, very robust.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>South Africa<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>Swartkrans (<strong>Leaky<\/strong>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>North Africa<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Ternifine (Algeria) (\u2192 lower Jaw, teeth) , Sale (Cranial from man) ;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Asia<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>South East Asia<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Indonesia ; by Dutch Paleoanthropolist <strong>Thomas Dubois \u2192 Java Man<\/strong> (<strong><u>Homo erectus javanicus)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sangiran (1.6 mya<\/strong>) &#8211; many Cranial Mandible Fragments ; Java\n<ul>\n<li>First discovery of H. Erectus from anywhere; show dispersal out of Africa by 1.6 mya<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trinil &#8211; skull cap &amp; femur d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>India<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>Hathnora<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>East Asia<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong>China<\/strong> (<strong><u>Homo erectus pekinensis)<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; discovered by <strong>Davidson Black<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Lantian &#8211; Cranial<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhaukoudian cave in North China &#8211; Teeth, cranial, post cranial<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Peking&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Europe<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>Homo erectus heidelber-gensis<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In <strong><u>1907<\/u><\/strong>, from Sand pit at <strong>Mauer<\/strong> near <strong>Heidelberg, West &#8211; Germany <\/strong>\u2192 Mandible was discovered.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to DK Bhattacharya, Homo erectus had successfully adapted to savannah grassland. These has both advanced &amp; primitive features<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/4092c2f3-2bb2-5dde-68b7-26cbdde3c9f7\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Advanced Features<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Cranial Capacity Range &#8211; 775 &#8211; 1421 cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More anteriorly placed foramen magnum \u2192 erect posture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dental Arches &#8211; <strong>Parabolic<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All teeth same size &amp; shape as modern man<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Linea aspera <\/strong>present in femur<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sagittal absent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parietal lobe well developed &#8211;<strong>language<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Primitive Features<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Slopping forehead<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prominent supra-orbitals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Angular occipital not round<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nasal area flatten<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Larger Mandible &#8211; Prognathism<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No chin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M1 is largest (in man M3 is largest)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Male had bigger faces with more massive brown ridge like Ape.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Features<\/u><\/strong> (Common to all homo erects)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Homo erectus population <strong>occupied different ecological niche<\/strong> and adapted to environmental challenges primarily through cultural means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They had <strong><u>domesticated of fire<\/u><\/strong>,\u00a0 group hunted big game such as elephants, wild bores, with the help of fire and used stone tools.\n<ul>\n<li>In French Riviera, at a site called <strong>Terra Amata, <\/strong>there is evidence of an artificial hut with hearths &#8211; and even a footprint &#8211; believed to be the handiwork of Homo erectus from 400,000 years ago.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As they hunted big game, they must have stronger social relations and some type of <strong>language for communication<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They were nomadic people and had small population.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Homo erectus <strong>man lived totally naked.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Cannibalism<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Habitation<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; They were first cave dwellers (Peeking and oldavan)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Migration<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; First to <strong>migrate out of Africa<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Tool Technology<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; They were tool maker and tool users.\n<ul>\n<li>belong to Chellean and Acheulian traditions of lower Paleolithic culture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Made of <strong>quartz<\/strong> ; bone &amp; wooden tools &amp; tools life spears also has been discovered<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bifacial Tools \u2192 Africa (Flakes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chopper, chopping, hand axe, cleavers in initial phase. \u2192 Aisa<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calcitonin \u2192 Europe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Site, Kalambo falls in Africa \u2192 use of temporary <strong>wind break \/ Sheth<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oval huts in southern fence \u2192 Site Terra Amata (0.4 mya)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Hoebel<\/u><\/strong> suggest <strong>Cannibalism<\/strong> practiced by china man for ritualistic &amp; survival purpose<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Pilben<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Development of language &#8211; symbolisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Ritualistic &amp; Religion<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Position<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>PiL Beam &amp; Napier <\/strong>based on fossils material assertion their phylogenetic position.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/4b526164-8f5f-b121-4b80-a46b7c0325d5\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>3 branch theory of Alan Walker<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/082c75d9-f2f0-6117-5f48-cd6663b7be52\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Revised Model with Recent Discoveries<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/2075b455-2373-6467-eaeb-8aceefa4ce62\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Judging by their duration of existence 1.7 mya to 0.12 mya we can conclude that Erectus was successful adopted group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Asian Homo Erectus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Though Homo-erectus was widely distributed in the world according to evidences it originated in Africa &amp; moved to reach Asia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Character<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Java Man (1.7mya &#8211; 0.9 mya)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>China Man (0.8 mya)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cranial Capacity<\/td><td>800 cc<\/td><td>1075 cc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cranial Bones<\/td><td>Not so thick &amp; Massive<\/td><td>Thick &amp; Massive<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cranial Index (BPD \u2717&nbsp;100 \/ OFD)<\/td><td>70.0 (Dolicho Cranial)<\/td><td>72.2 (Dolicho Cranial)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forehead<\/td><td>Receding back<\/td><td>Receding back but show bump like development<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supra-orbitals&nbsp;<\/td><td>heavy &amp; continuous (fused)&nbsp;<\/td><td>massive &amp; fused but there is distinct furrow which separate forehead from supra-orbital region)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>occipital Region<\/td><td>broad &amp; rounded<\/td><td>Narrow &amp; Elongated<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diastema<\/td><td>Present<\/td><td>Absent<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Molars &amp; Incisors<\/td><td>Larger in size<\/td><td>smaller in size<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Linea aspera<\/td><td>Present<\/td><td>No Material evidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Palate<\/td><td>Smooth<\/td><td>Rough<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Special Notes<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; The&nbsp;<em>Homo erectus<\/em>&nbsp;skeletal evidence at the &#8220;Peking Man&#8221; site of Zhoukoudian is especially important because it is from a population of men, women, and children rather than just a single individual.&nbsp; There was considerable sexual dimorphism and individual variability<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>1941 Japanese invasion of China<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Franz Weidenreich<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Homo floresiensis<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>In <strong>2003,<\/strong> a team of Australian paleoanthropologists led by <strong>Peter Brown <\/strong>discovered a skeleton from what may be a dwarf\u00a0<em><u>Homo erectus<\/u><\/em>\u00a0or related species that lived until <strong>18,000 years ago on Flores Island, Indonesia <\/strong>(in Liang Bua cave)\n<ul>\n<li>only site where the species has been found so far<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This 30 year old adult female was only about 3 feet&nbsp;6 inches tall (106 cm), 66 pounds (30 kg), and had a brain size of 380 cm3&nbsp;(like those of australopithecines, barely 1\/3 as big as modern human brains)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nickname &#8211; &nbsp;<strong><u>Hobbit<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Features<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Time Period &#8211; About 100,000 &#8211; 50,000 years ago.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/8bd1d8b8-1fb8-e070-5144-1083d48d949d\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>A mound of bone around the eyebrow area<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No chin. Instead the jaw slopes backwards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low skull, widest around the ears with a sloping forehead<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shrugged shoulders that face forward<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The pelvis is like Australopithecus afarensis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Short legs make the arms appear long<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long feet compared to the Length of the legs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Almost half the size of a Homo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The stone tools found associated with H. floresiensis are broadly similar to those found earlier on Flores and throughout the human evolutionary career. (I.e lower Palaeolithic tools in Asia or Oldowan tools in Africa)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They selectively hunted Stegodon (an extinct type of elephant)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Island dwarfism<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The diminutive stature and small brain of H. floresiensis may have resulted from island dwarfism &#8211; an evolutionary process that results from long-term isolation on a small island with limited food resources and lack of predators.\n<ul>\n<li>Stegodon elephant also show the same adaption.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Phylogenetic (Evolutionary Tree Information)&nbsp; &#8211; debate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>most scientists now recognize&nbsp;<em>H. floresiensis <\/em>as a valid taxon&nbsp;and a human species distinct from <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> (modern humans).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scientists are now trying to figure out exactly how <em>H. floresiensis<\/em> is related to other species in the genus <em>Homo<\/em>.&nbsp;For example, did&nbsp;<em>H. floresiensis<\/em>&nbsp;evolve from an earlier population of&nbsp;<em>H. erectus,<\/em> or did it evolve from a smaller species, such as the early humans found in Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia), or perhaps another early species of the genus <em>Homo<\/em>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Homo erectus heidelber-gensis<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; for quite some period of time, the presence of homo erectus in Europe has been questioned. However, in year 1907, a mandible (Lower jaw) was discovered. That confirmed the presence of Homo Erectus in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Time period<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In year 1981, Stringer assigned date of 0.35 to 0.45 million years to this jaw<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features of Jaw<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; called the Heidelberg jaw<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>is very massive, lacks chin, but the teeth are relatively small and resemble those of the Neanderthal man.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This jaw is believed to represent a <strong>transitional stage<\/strong> b\/w Homo erectus&nbsp; &amp; Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>General Characteristics of Jaw<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>It had all its teeth in place.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The general profile is <strong>broad and square in shape<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its breadth is more compared to that of the modern man.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jaw thickness , angle of jaw (truncated), condyloid process (blunt &amp; rounded) \u2192 it <strong>resembles the jaw of the Gibbon (apes)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Human Features\n<ul>\n<li>Parabolic detention arch<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ordinary size of teeth ; incisors Normal &amp; canines don\u2019t project<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dental series is continuous without a diastema as in the modern man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The jaw displays more simian(ape) features whereas the <strong>teeth display more human features.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Implications<\/u><\/strong>: Opinions vary as to whether the owner of the Mauer mandible, &#8220;Heidelberg Man&#8221;, was a representative of Homo erectus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>after excavation of Kabwe, Arago &amp; Dali Fossils scholar came to conclude that they are perfectly homo erects fossils with big jaw.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jaw\u2019s similarities with neaderathal\u2019s jaw \u2192 might indicate that European Homo Erectus evolved into Neanderthal people.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It\u2019s was finally accepted as representative of homo erectus &amp; ancestor to Neanderthal &amp; finally Homo sapiens.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>what in your opinion were the reasons for homo erectus spread from africa to europe and asia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Homo erectus<\/em> were very successful in creating cultural technologies that allowed them to adapt to new environmental opportunities.&nbsp; They were true pioneers in developing human culture and in expanding their geographic range beyond Africa to populate tropical and subtropical zones elsewhere in the Old World.&nbsp; This territorial expansion most likely began around 1.8-1.7 million years ago, coinciding with progressively cooler global temperatures.&nbsp; Surprisingly, however, <em>Homo erectus<\/em> remained little changed anatomically until about 800,000 years ago.&nbsp; After that time, there apparently wereevolutionary developments in features of the head that would become characteristic of modern humans.&nbsp; By half a million years ago, some <em>Homo erectus<\/em>were able to move into the seasonally cold temperate zones of Asia and Europe.&nbsp; This migration was made possible by greater intelligence and new cultural technologies, probably including better hunting skills and the ability to create fire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Can it be considered direct ancestor of Homo sapiens<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A few researchers have generally opposed the view that <em>H. erectus<\/em> was the direct ancestor of later <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/species-taxon\">species<\/a>, including <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Louis-Leakey\">Louis Leakey<\/a> argued energetically that <em>H. erectus<\/em> populations, particularly in Africa, overlap in time with more advanced <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> and therefore cannot be ancestral to the latter. Some support for Leakey\u2019s point of view has come from analysis of anatomic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/dictionary\/characteristics\">characteristics<\/a> exhibited by the fossils. By emphasizing a distinction between \u201cprimitive\u201d and \u201cderived\u201d traits in the reconstruction of relationships between species, several paleontologists have attempted to show that <em>H. erectus<\/em> does not make a suitable morphological ancestor for <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>. Because the braincase is long, low, and thick-walled and presents a strong browridge, they claim that <em>H. erectus<\/em> shows derived (or specialized) characteristics not shared with more modern humans. At the same time, it is noted, <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> does share some features, including a rounded, lightly built cranium, with earlier hominins such as <em>H. habilis<\/em>. For these reasons, some paleontologists (including Leakey) consider the more slender, or \u201cgracile,\u201d <em>H. habilis<\/em> and <em>H. rudolfensis<\/em> to be more closely related to <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> than is <em>H. erectus<\/em>. These findings are not widely accepted, however. Instead, studies of size in human evolution indicate that representatives of <em>Homo<\/em> can be grouped into a reasonable ancestor-to-descendant sequence showing increases in body size. Despite having a heavier, more flattened braincase, <em>H. erectus<\/em>, most particularly the African representatives of the species sometimes called <em>H. ergaster<\/em>, is not out of place in this sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neanderthal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Neanderthals were advanced humans, capable of intelligent thought process, were able to adapt &amp; harshest env known to humans. They co-existed with modern human for long period of time before becoming extinct about 28,000 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Time Period<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Lived b\/w 300,000 years ago to 28,000 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Early Homo neanderthalensis&nbsp;from about 300,000 years ag<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>classic&nbsp;Homo neanderthalensis&nbsp;from about 130,000 years ago<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>late&nbsp;Homo neanderthalensis&nbsp;from about 45,000 years ago.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Classification<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><u>Hooton<\/u><\/strong> Classified Neanderthals into 2 types ; depending up on differences in skull.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li>Classical &#8211; represented by <strong>La-Chapelle-Aux -Saints<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Progressive &#8211; represented by <strong>Mt. Carmel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>which are not conforming to the feature of classical were are named as Progressive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Distribution &amp; Key specimens<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/87ad9d96-193d-cb87-ee65-f8232ce8b3f9\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Classical<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Europe<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1st Discovered in 1856 at <strong>Neander Vally, Germany<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>France &#8211;<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>La Chappel Aux Saints by <strong><u>Boule<\/u><\/strong> , near Dusseldorf&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La Quina Cave<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Belgium &#8211; <\/strong>spy Cave<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gibraltar &#8211; <\/strong>Devils Tower<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Africa<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Libya <\/strong>&#8211; Haua Ftech Cave<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Asia<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Iraq &#8211; <\/strong>Shanidar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Afghanisatan &#8211; <\/strong>Darra-I-Kut<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Progressive<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Asia<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; <strong>Israel <\/strong>&#8211; Mt Carmel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Europe <\/strong>&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Italy <\/strong>&#8211; Saccopastora<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yugoslavia &#8211; <\/strong>Krapina \u2192 human bones had been cut smashed &amp; charred indicate <strong>cannablism<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Characteristics Features<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Cranial Features<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Distinguished based on their morphological features (mainly cranial features b\/c Their post cranial features are almost same<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Anatomical character<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Classical<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Progressive<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cranial Cavity<\/strong><\/td><td>1600 cc<\/td><td>1400cc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Skull<\/strong><\/td><td>large &amp; broad<\/td><td>long &amp; less broad<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cephalic index<\/strong><\/td><td>lower<\/td><td>higher<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Vault of skull<\/strong><\/td><td>lower (flatten)<\/td><td>higher (high &amp; well arched)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Forehead<\/strong><\/td><td>Receding back<\/td><td>receding (less) ; but curved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>occipital Region<\/strong><\/td><td>Protruding &amp; bun shaped<\/td><td>less protruding &amp; devoid of bun shaped<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Supra Orbitals Ridge \/ Torus<\/strong><\/td><td>large &amp; continuous (fused)&nbsp;<\/td><td>large but not fused (tends to separate at median &amp; lateral<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Upper Jaw<\/strong><\/td><td>Projecting<\/td><td>Not Projecting<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Nose<\/strong><\/td><td>Broad &amp; Large<\/td><td>Less Broad<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Chin <\/strong>(c\/l in living)<strong> \/ Mantle symphysis<\/strong><\/td><td>absent<\/td><td>Present (Moderately development)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Teeth<\/strong><\/td><td>Large<\/td><td>Comparatively small I.e moderate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Face<\/strong><\/td><td>Upper face is very long &amp; Prognathus<\/td><td>medium to short ; usually orthognathus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>skull surface<\/strong><\/td><td>Rough<\/td><td>less Rough<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Orbits<\/td><td>Large in size &amp;<\/td><td>Moderate in size &amp; rectangular in shape<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>Mendible is large &amp; broade ; ramus is broad<\/td><td>Mendible is short and ramus is not so broad<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>Pelvic is short when it is compared with its breadth<\/td><td>Low &amp; narrow<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long bones<\/td><td>Are heavy as well as thick<\/td><td>Stout &amp; robust<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lower limbs<\/td><td>Are short<\/td><td>Long<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Linea Asperac<\/td><td>Absent, but if present is weakly develop<\/td><td>In fimber fully developed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>Bent forward<\/td><td>Fimer is flat &amp; is not curved<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td>they r imperfectly adapted to upright poster &amp; bipadled locomotion&nbsp;<\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Post Cranial Features<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; both were similar in these<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Short in height.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Upright and erect posture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limbs were shorter but stouter (heavy)\n<ul>\n<li>Humorous was short &amp; strong with a large head like modern man.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Femur was strong with large head<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Public bone of Neanderthal is wider than modern man<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vertebral column was short &amp; stout.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strong ribs indicating large thorax<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fingers were large &amp; robust<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Short &amp; stout bones of skeleton with large area for powerful muscular attachment were characteristics of Neanderthal.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Characteristics<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol>\n<li><strong><u>Tool Technology &amp; Tools<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Flakes, points, burins &amp; scrappers etc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bone of Rhinoceros <\/strong>&amp; others are used as bowls, cups &amp; storage containers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Clothing<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; bone needs of European Fossils indicated Neanderthal tailored clothes to combat winters<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Habitation<\/u><\/strong> Resides in Caves&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Language<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; earl<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Panting<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; recently discovered in <strong>Spanish Cave Painting <\/strong>dated using <strong>Ur-thorium dating technique<\/strong> suggest. They know art of paining\n<ul>\n<li>painting have pictures of animals &amp; geometric signs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Ritual Burials<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; First one in hominid to ritually buggy their dead. It indicates their belief in afterworld.\n<ul>\n<li>Evidence of <strong>flower burials<\/strong> were also found from <strong>Shanidar Site , Iran<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religion<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; 1st Primitive Origin of Religion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>After going thr different aspects of physical &amp; cultural traits we can conclude that Neanderthal represent mixture of primitive &amp; modern traits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Status<\/u><\/strong> &#8211;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>there are Various theories which proposes different phylogenetic evolution of Neanderthal &amp; Man. Some of the most accepted evolutionary interpretations are as follows&nbsp; <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/69493c2f-b6d5-9b37-af1b-4cb6b13d0627\"><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Although, <strong>Sweden Biologist, <u>Svante Paabo<\/u><\/strong>, after testing moder than 70 Neanderthal specimen thr genetic study concluded that Neanderthals are ancestor of Homo sapiens.\n<ul>\n<li>There is around 99.7% similarity in genome of both the species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rhodesian Man<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In 1921, <strong>Tom Zwigelaar,<\/strong> Swiss minerdiscovered few bones of Skull &amp; limbs at <strong><u>Broke Hill<\/u> in Northern Rhodesia(Now Kabwe, Zambia), Africa<\/strong>. The fossils were complete cranium &amp; skeleton related to 2 individuals was found. It is also called as <strong>Kabwe Man or Broken hill.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Time period<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; on Basis of dating of bones it was concluded that Rhodesian man lived during Pleistocene or Late Pliocene about 2 Lakh (0.2 mya) years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Species Name<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Arthur Smith Woodward&nbsp; &#8211; <\/strong>assigned the specimens to a new species : <strong>Homo rhodesiensis<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Today most Scientist Assign Kabwe to <strong>Homo heidelbergensis .<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Rhodesian man is considered as <strong>transitional <\/strong>form \/ <strong>Primitive Homo sapiens<\/strong> b\/c it have combined features of homo erectus &amp; Homo sapiens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Primitive Features<\/u> &#8211; <\/strong>like Homo erectus<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Low braincase profile (the area towards the back of the skull)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supra orbital ridges are prominent &amp; fused &#8211; like chimpanzee ; large than any other fossil form<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Occipital &#038; Sagitall region \u2192 abnormally extended ; similar to classic Neanderthals\n<ul>\n<li>Slight widening of the mid face known as the Sagittal Keel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protrusion at the back of the skull c\/l occipital torus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forehead receding back<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maxilla &amp; Palate are massive<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orbits are high &amp; elongated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Face was muzzle like in appearance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Modern Features<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; resembles to modern man<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>With large brain having &#8211; Cranial Capacity &#8211; <a href=\"tel:+9112801400\">1280 &#8211; 1400<\/a> cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flatter, less prognathic face<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Foremen Magnum<\/u><\/strong> is anteriorly placed &amp; occupies a central position indicating perfect balance of skull on VC &amp; Upright posture.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Brain case<\/u><\/strong> is primitive but of human shape.\n<ul>\n<li>It is very long &amp; relatively narrow.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Though vaulted shows human like expansion of parietal region.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Dentition<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; like modern humans ;\n<ul>\n<li>Teeth &#8211; small in size ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>canines reduced to level of other teeth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moral have remarkable breadth in comparison to their length.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pulp cavity are not enlarged.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parabolic Arrangement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diastema absent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limbs, sacrum, pelvis, vertebral column &#038; all other post cranial features were similar to modern man.\n<ul>\n<li>However are large &amp; very robust with massive joints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hence, Rhodesian man exhibited both primitive &amp; advanced features. This is example of&nbsp; <strong>Asymmetrical Evolution.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Status<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Some bone and stone implements along with broken bones of animals used as tools were also discovered.\n<ul>\n<li>The implements show similarities to those used by modern Bushman.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogenetic Status<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; African variety of Neanderthal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Woodward<\/u><\/strong> on the basis of the position of foramen magnum considers it to be <strong>human<\/strong> &amp; assigns these as <strong>Homo rhodesiensis<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Pycroft<\/u><\/strong> however feels that it did not have erect posture as is indicated by the Pelvis &amp; assigned it to <strong><u>Cyphanthropus Rhodesiensis<\/u><\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In opinion of <strong><u>Hooton<\/u><\/strong>, there is sufficient likeness b\/w Neanderthal &amp; Rhodesian man so as to regard the Rhodesiensis man as the <strong>variant of Neanderthal<\/strong>. Rhodesian man bifurcated from Neanderthal and proceeded to Modern Man.<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/ffd34e71-886e-d540-9e11-9d88e9bb5254\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Special Notes<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; This skull is one of the oldest known to have <strong><u>tooth cavities<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>They occur in 10 of the upper teeth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The individual may have died from an infection r\/l to dental disease or from a chorionic ear infection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Homo sapiens<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The modern Homo sapiens have been living on earth from about last 40,000 years. Modern fossils were obtained at several places in different parts of the globe but the importance places are <strong>cromagnon<\/strong> in France, <strong>Grimaldi <\/strong>in Italy &amp; <strong>Chanchelede <\/strong>in France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cro-Magnon Man<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In 1868, M. <strong>Louis<\/strong><strong>Lartet<\/strong> discovered 5 skeletal from a Cro-Magnan Village in south Western France. The age of this fossil was around <strong>30k-40k years<\/strong>. &amp; were associated with <strong>Aurignecian culture <\/strong>i.e Worked with bone &amp; stone tools of upper Palaeolithic during late Pleistocene epoch<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Age Period<\/u><\/strong> : Thus associated finding belong to <strong>upper Paleolithic.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/6770c7eb-0209-5f18-23fb-46cb1d16e03b\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>~ 6 feet height (180 cm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cranial capacity &#8211; 1550 to 1650 cc ; 150cc more than modern European Average<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>dolicocephhlalic skull<\/strong> (i.e relatively long)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>[Disharmonic skull-long narrow skull with broad short face]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pentagonal in outline<\/strong> due to the presence of characteristic prominent <strong><u>parietal tuberosities<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Small brow ridges,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forehead is broad &amp; moderately high<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Marked <strong>prognathism<\/strong> with distinct chin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both front &amp; cheek teeth are smaller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lower leg is longer than thigh &amp; forearm longer than the upper arm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Femur with developed Linea aspera suggesting strong musculature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efficient bipedal walking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural characters<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Rock shelter &amp; pit dwellings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tools<\/strong> include Bow &amp; Arrow, spears, harpoons, Axes with Handles.(New devices).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Method of food storage<\/strong>, improved hearth, cloth, animal fossils indicated a systematic &amp; planned hunting.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Cave paintings<\/u><\/strong> about symbolically coded information, about belief system etc. Sculptures on rocks, Venus figurines. gastos<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Burial with associated goods<\/strong>. Burials with goods show change in belief pattern &amp; existence of social class.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used to hunt mammoth cave bear; woolly Rhinoceros.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence of camp sites with dense population of hunters and gatherers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogeny<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Evolutionary possibilities of Cro-Magnon man are unclear. Fossils similar to it have been found in Africa (Omo Basin) &amp; West Asia (QATZCH &amp; SKHUL) and they are dated around 1 lakh years ago.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>none of the European fossils are older than 40,000 years,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Acc to some , Cro-Magnon man extinct in <strong><u>upper Palaeolithic<\/u><\/strong>. But some other argue that they continue to present day.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>People with such characteristics can be found today at <strong>Dordogne &amp; Canary Island (France)<\/strong>. The <strong><u>Ranchos of canary island<\/u><\/strong> best represent the Cro-Magnon type.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Garimaldi Man<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; Found from a cave called <strong><u>Grotte des enfants<\/u><\/strong> in <strong><u>Garimaldi Village near Mentone in Italy<\/u><\/strong> resembling modern days <strong>Negroids &amp; <\/strong>associated with remains of <strong>Aurignacian culture.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/1e8fc1ac-ec30-0101-41fd-e65dcbe2351a\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Cranial capacity: <a href=\"tel:+9112651450\">1265-1450<\/a> cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skull &#8211; hyperdolicocephalic &#8211; long, narrow &amp; high<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Elliptical Contour<\/strong> due to flattened parietal region (<strong>No parietal tuberosities<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Face<\/strong> &#8211; long &amp; triangular in outline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bulging forehead.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poorly developed supraorbital ridge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rectangular eye orbits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nose depressed at the root &#8211; i.e <strong>Platyrrhini<\/strong> (broad nose)\n<ul>\n<li>The Bridge is low &amp; broad &amp; Nasal aperture is extremely broad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prognathism<\/strong> is present<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Palate: Narrow and high palate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jaws strong &amp; protruded<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poorly developed chin<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Teeth<\/strong> are large &#038; resembled Ausbaloids\n<ul>\n<li>Upper molar have 4 well developed cups. Lower molar 5 well developed cups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Limbs<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Forearms &amp; lower legs are very long in relation to upper arms &amp; thigh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Hind limbs are very long in comparison to fore limbs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Features<\/u><\/strong>: <strong>Aurignacian culture of <u>upper Paleolithic<\/u><\/strong> similar to Cro-Magnon man<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Special Notes<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; As Negroid characters are particularly well developed in the Grimaldi. Hence it is supposed to represent a late incursion of African race into European territory whereas Cro-Magnon on the other hand had diluted Negroid characters. Hence, it (Cro-magnon) is supposed to have made incursions into Europe much in advance &amp; to have undergone sufficient hybridization with local population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogeny<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>are commonly accepted of evidence of Negroid race in Europe in Aurignacian times.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>many disagree &#8211; say are simply variants of Mediterranean race now inhabiting southern Europe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Smith &amp; Keith<\/u><\/strong> have concluded that Grimaldi represents the primitive type of Cro-Magnon stock &amp; Negroid resemblance may be just a coincidence. Both inlog Cro-Magnon &amp; Grimaldi belong to the late Pleistocene &amp; represent early populations of Europe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chancelede Man<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; In 1808, A human skeleton with its arms folded on its rest its chest region &amp; kness just touching the jaw was unearthed was discovered in <strong>The Rock Shelter Near<\/strong><strong>Chancelede (France) <\/strong>. These fossils resembled <strong>modern days Eskimo <\/strong>&amp; belonged to <strong>magdalenian period<\/strong> which succeeded aurignacian &amp; solutrean culture.(Upper Palaeolithic Culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.www.evernote.com\/resources\/s696\/651afcc1-a41b-10bc-885e-1f74f4817f3a\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Physical Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Cranial capacity: <a href=\"tel:+9115001700\">1500-1700<\/a> cc<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cranial index &#8211; dolicocephalic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long and Broad Skull<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Skull vault is high (well arched)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No Progmathism (Typical Feature of Eskimos); well-developed Chin, broad rami, narrow body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dolichocephalic head with developed sagittal crests, parietal tuberosities &amp; cheek bones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forehead almost vertical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orbits &#8211; large &amp; quadrilateral in shape.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long and vertically elongated (narrow) nose &#8211; <strong>Leptorrhini<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Limb bones<\/u><\/strong> &#8211; strong and massive indicating strong muscular body &#8211; feature of Modern Eskimos,\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>differentiates from Cro-Magnon &amp; Grimaldi.<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Upper limbs &#8211; comparatively longer than lower limbs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Larger feet with 1st metatarsal distinctly separated from 2nd toe like in Neanderthal man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cro-Magnon man &amp; Chancelede man<\/u> &#8211; don&#8217;t differ greatly<\/strong>. only difference is<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Cro-Magnon was much <strong>taller with disharmonic skull<\/strong> &amp; rectangular&nbsp; orbits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chancelede man had harmonic skull and quadrilateral orbits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Cultural Status<\/u><\/strong>: <strong>Magdalenian Culture of upper Paleolithic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Phylogeny<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>On the basis of physical &amp; cultural similarities b\/w Eskimos &amp; Chancelede it is claimed that <strong>following the retreat of the ice sheet towards north<\/strong> at the closure of glacial age, <strong>chancelede had given rise to Eskimos<\/strong> as it moved from Europe to North America.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Hooton<\/u><\/strong> argues that their resemblances are more with the skulls of 12th century ice-landers of Norway &amp; Irish Origin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Introduction<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; ____ is a hominin fossil that was described from ______ found in _______ in _____ by ____&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Australopithecines Introduction &#8211; Was the earliest hominid &amp; probably the ancestor of modern humans. They&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>1.6: Phylogenetic Status, Characteristics, and Geographical Distribution of Human Fossils - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/1-6-phylogenetic-status-characteristics-and-geographical-distribution-of-human-fossils\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1.6: Phylogenetic Status, Characteristics, and Geographical Distribution of Human Fossils - Observing The Mortals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Australopithecines Introduction &#8211; Was the earliest hominid &amp; probably the ancestor of modern humans. 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