{"id":106,"date":"2024-02-14T20:23:21","date_gmt":"2024-02-14T20:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?p=106"},"modified":"2024-02-14T20:23:21","modified_gmt":"2024-02-14T20:23:21","slug":"laws-of-marriage-marriage-regulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2024\/02\/14\/laws-of-marriage-marriage-regulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Laws of Marriage &#8211; Marriage Regulation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>M\u2019age is one of the oldest social institution existing since time of&nbsp;<strong>H.Erectus<\/strong>. Due to it\u2019s variability of term in diff social groups \u2192 different society have established regulations \/ set of rules. These rules influence the&nbsp;nature, str &amp; functions of m\u2019age&nbsp;to considerable extent. Violence of these rule invites&nbsp;punishment. This ensure social stability &amp; perpetuity of institution of m\u2019age&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Classification M\u2019age rules<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Proscriptive Rules<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; direct\u00a0<strong>whom a person should not marry<\/strong>. I.e put some prohibition on mating These rules in every society manifest in form of\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>incest Taboos<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;i.e prohibition on mating in consanguineously related individuals. E.g Mother-Son, Father- daughter, brother sister<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hypergamy &amp; Hypo-gamy&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Prescriptive Rules<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; direct whom a person\u00a0<strong>can marry&nbsp;<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>These rules regulate m\u2019age thr prohibition&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Violation invites punishment \/ sanctions&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in form of&nbsp;<strong>Endogamy &amp; Exogamy&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Preferential Rules<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Not prescribed by society it desired or preferred&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>define whom an individual&nbsp;<strong>can prefer to marry.<\/strong>&nbsp;In it prefer certain categories of relatives over other for m\u2019age&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No Sanction \/ punishment, but&nbsp;<strong>ridicule or resentment<\/strong>&nbsp;may be there&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(<em>more details in types of m\u2019age)&nbsp;<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>Primary Preferential M\u2019age\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<strong>cousin m\u2019age<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Cross Cousin<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Parallel Cousin<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary Preferential M\u2019age\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Levirate&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sororate&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Needham<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;describes 2 set of rules (Preferential &amp; Prescriptive)&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>some \u24c5 includes&nbsp;<strong>incest<\/strong>&nbsp;as proscriptive rule but Needham puts it in&nbsp;<strong>Family Exogamy.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div data-post-id=\"107\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-107 \"><h1 class='insert-page-title'>Incest Taboo<\/h1>\n<p><strong><u>Inces<\/u><\/strong>t : Acc to&nbsp;<strong>Seligman (1950)&nbsp;<\/strong>Incest is&nbsp;<strong>sexual intercourse between individuals related in certain prohibited degrees of kinship\u201d<\/strong>&nbsp;(Notes and Queries. 1951:113). Or sexually activity between&nbsp;consanguineously related individuals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Though some exceptions, but it is largely taboo in all societies&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Incest Taboo :Meaning &amp; Explanation<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>it is the&nbsp;rule of prohibition of sexual relationship&nbsp;among certain primary kins.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As it is rule of regulating sexual relationship\/ prohibition, it is different from Exogamy, which is rule of m\u2019age&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Incest As Rule<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>In Primitive Society<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; associated with fear of supernatural&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Modern Society<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; taboo is justified on the ground of morality &amp; not on basis of superstition.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Exception<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Brother sister m\u2019age&nbsp;among&nbsp;<strong>Traditional Hawaiian Society &#8211; Incuan<\/strong>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;<strong>Egyptian Royal Family&nbsp;<\/strong>e.g Cleopatra of Egypt was product of incest as it was common in&nbsp;<strong>Ptolemaic dynasty&nbsp;<\/strong>due to&nbsp;<strong><u>economic<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;<strong><u>religious reason<\/u><\/strong>s (Pharaoh member &#8211; status as god)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Peru<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Kachin Tribeman<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; mating with sister or daughter in incestuous but with mother is adulterous&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Lakher of Myanmar<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Half sibling with same mother can have sexual relation&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Scholars View<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Levi Strauss (1969)<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;: Taboo \u21d4 code \u2192 extension of kinship terminology which governs &amp; directs&nbsp;movement of woman&nbsp;b\/w m\u2019age alliance network&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Needham<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; there is no thing as IT (statement) &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>He gave above quoted examples to support his statement &#8211; which all are exceptions not rule. Rule is incest taboo&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Write about theories&nbsp;<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Conclusion &#8211; what he experienced is exception &amp; incest taboo is feature of most of the societies of world.&nbsp;<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Theories Explaining Existence of Incest Taboo<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Childhood Association Thoery<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0: Edward\u00a0<strong><u>Westermarck (1891)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Argued that : Overfamiliarity leads to sexual disinterest&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Associated from childhood \u2192 Not sexually attracted \u2192 avoid sexual relation (c\/a&nbsp;<strong>Wastermarck Effect<\/strong>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence supporting\u00a0&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kibbutz<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0studied by\u00a0<strong><u>Yaninga salmon<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0in book (<strong>Family &amp; community in the Kibbutz<\/strong>)\n<ul>\n<li>investigated m\u2019age pattern of 2nd gen of 3 well estd. kibbutz in&nbsp;<strong>israel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Children reared in commune not only avoided m\u2019age, but also sexual r\/l&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Tang Yang Hsi<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0By\u00a0<strong><u>Aurther wolf<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Study on&nbsp;<strong>chinese<\/strong>&nbsp;in N. Taiwan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>custom c\/l &#8216;<strong>Tang Yang Hsi<\/strong>&#8216; would be daughter-in-law raised from childhood result \u2192&nbsp;&nbsp;unsuccessful m\u2019age&nbsp;most of time due to childhood familiarity&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Criticism of theory\u00a0&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Doesn&#8217;t explain why societies have to prohibit m&#8217;age that can be avoided by disinterest.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why not applied on first cousin m\u2019age.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even m\u2019age invariably result in absolute intimacy &amp; familiarity&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Psychodynamic Theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0\u00a0<strong><u>Sigmund Freud<\/u><\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>strong&nbsp;<strong>erotic<\/strong>&nbsp;impulses experienced within family (primarily by boy for his mother) \u2192 hostility to wards father. \u2192&nbsp;<strong>Oedipus Complex.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>I.T-\u2192 reaction to unconscious impulses&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>criticism &#8211;\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Parker (1976)<\/u><\/strong>: among non human primate over long period \u2192 No mother son r\/l&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nor does it a\/c for why parents shouldn\u2019t be interested in committing incest with their children&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Family disruption theory<\/u>&nbsp;:&nbsp;<\/strong><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>sexual competion among family \u2192&nbsp; rivalry &amp; tension \u2192 family can\u2019t funn as effective unit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To curtail this competition \u2192 I.T<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>criticism<\/u><\/strong>&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Why society would have set another rules&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why would brother sister incest be so dispuptive, as it existed in ancient Egypt&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Family Cooperation Theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0<strong><u>Taylor<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>proposed by taylor, elaborated by&nbsp;<strong><u>Levi Strauss&nbsp;<\/u><\/strong>(<strong>alliance theory<\/strong>)&nbsp; &amp;&nbsp;<strong><u>Leslie white.&nbsp;<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Taylor :\u00a0 IT \u2192\u00a0 answer to choice b\/w marrying out or\u00a0being killed out due to suspicion &#038; hostility towards others groups\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u201cBreed out or Perish\u201d \u2192 Band Exogamy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>theory emphasis on use of I.T. as to promote co-op among family group<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Inbreeding Theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0 &#8211;\u00a0<strong><u>Morgan<\/u><\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Focus on potentially damaging consequences of Inbreeding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Morgan : early homo noticed&nbsp;<strong>abnormal offspring&nbsp;<\/strong>from Incestous unions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biological weakness<\/strong>&nbsp;of close kin m&#8217;age was reason for I.T.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Evidence supporting<\/u>&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;<u>Raymond firth<\/u><\/strong>: study on\u00a0<strong>Toikopia<\/strong>\u00a0Living in\u00a0<strong>south pacific<\/strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>idea of&nbsp;<strong>Marai<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 barreness, illness &amp; ultimately death.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>suggest: Though primitives donot tot have knowledge of inbreeding, they had idea&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Criticism<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Why some societies prefer endogamy even parallel cousin marriage ?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>only harmful when harmfull recessive genotypes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Point supporting Inbreeding Thoery<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Proportion of negative recessive traits to adaptive recessive traits is very high&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In pre-sceintific people there were two groups ; one with incest taboo had reproductive advantage so other died out.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Animals species prevent incest by&nbsp;throwing out young once they reach maturity. But human take long time for maturity. Thus instent taboo (IT) is only efficient&nbsp;<strong>cultural solution<\/strong>&nbsp;which maintain&nbsp;genetic variability, Family harmony &amp; Community Co-operation,&nbsp;so combination of&nbsp;socio-functional &amp; inbreeding theory&nbsp;highlights its relevance. Its advantage can explain the spread &amp; persistence, it not theories of origin.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div data-post-id=\"109\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-109 \"><h1 class='insert-page-title'>Endogamy<\/h1>\n<p><strong><u>McLemban (1970)<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; in &#8220;<strong>primitive m&#8217;age<\/strong>&#8221; introduced term endogamy &amp; exogamy. In it he also opposed&nbsp;<strong>L.H Morgan<\/strong>\u2019s scheme of&nbsp;linking type of m\u2019age to evolutionary stages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp; &#8211; Practice of m\u2019age within one&#8217;s own social group. I.e it refers to the expectation that a marriage partner will be chosen from within the social group of which one is member.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; tribal Endogamy, Caste endogamy,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Toda<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Moiety Endogamy&nbsp;&#8211; i.e&nbsp;<strong><u>Toda in India<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;are divided into two endogamous moiety&nbsp; (each of&nbsp;<strong>Moiety has no. Of clan<\/strong>&nbsp;which practice exogamy.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;: It varies from society to society.&nbsp; Any accepted social grouping \u2192 boundary of endogamy.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Kindred endogamy<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; within Kindred, but beyond incest boundary.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Religious endogamy<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; universally enforced. eg- castes&nbsp; in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Local &amp; Ethnic endogamy<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 Preservation of cohesion in Community<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Thr endogamy&nbsp; \u2192 social group &#8211; aims to&nbsp;<strong>preserve<\/strong>&nbsp;constitutive elements (power, wealth, Religion , language) &amp; pass to generations \u2192 perpetuate existence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourages group affiliation &amp; bonding&nbsp; greater control over group resources.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common practice among&nbsp;<strong>displanted culture&nbsp;<\/strong>attempting to make roots in new countries. eg-&nbsp;<strong>Yazidi<\/strong>&nbsp;(<strong>N. Iraq<\/strong>),&nbsp;<strong>Parsi<\/strong>&nbsp;(India)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ironically, endogamy \u2192 can&nbsp;<strong>lead to group extinction<\/strong>&nbsp;rather than Survival. \u2192&nbsp; Same gene pool \u2192 disease. eg.-&nbsp;<strong>samaritan&#8217;s<\/strong>&nbsp;(palestine &amp; Israel)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reasons<\/u><\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Retention of cuttural identity. (Girl from outside \u2192&nbsp; hybridisation \u2192&nbsp; harm toc)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Concern of Magic<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;: fear psychosis consider outside girls as notorious of magic (black magic) eg-<strong>Thary<\/strong>&nbsp;(Tarai),&nbsp;<strong>Korwa<\/strong>&nbsp;(Mirajpur)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maintaining close hierarchical social structure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To maintain purity of group&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To prevent intermixing of biological traits which are unknown.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<div data-post-id=\"111\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-111 \"><h1 class='insert-page-title'>Exogamy<\/h1>\n<p><strong><u>McLemban (1970)<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;introduced in &#8220;<strong>primitive m&#8217;age<\/strong>&#8221; introduced term endogamy &amp; exogamy. In it he also opposed&nbsp;<strong>L.H Morgan<\/strong>\u2019s scheme of linking type of m\u2019age to evolutionary stages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Meaning<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; prohibition of m&#8217;age union within Specific group i.e refers to the expectation that a marriage partner will be chosen from the social group of which one is not a member.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Examples<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>eg-&nbsp;<strong>Todas<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 clan exogamy.&nbsp;<strong>Oraons<\/strong>&nbsp;(chotanagpur) \u2192&nbsp;village exogamy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Origin of exogamy or Advantage<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>often theorised developed as extension of incest taboo, covering various relatives&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>McLennan (1970)<\/u><\/strong>&#8211; scarcity of women -obliged man to seek woman outside their clans&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Taylor (1889)<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192 Political alliance for maintaining peace with other bands. (<strong>Cooperation theory<\/strong>)&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Frazer<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;Totemism &#038; Exogamy&#8221; (1910)\n<ul>\n<li>Assam &amp; Africa \u2192 chief of exogamous tribes \u2192&nbsp; marries within tribe but if pretty women \u2192 then outside<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Audrey Richards<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;: hunter &amp; gatherers \u2192 constant food scarsity \u2192&nbsp; female infenticide lack \u2192 bring outside woman&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May be intended to prevent the harmful health effects of inbreeding.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Herbert Risley<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; the desire to have a&nbsp;<strong>variety in life<\/strong>&nbsp;has influenced people to seek ties with strangers &amp; this had led to exogamy.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Types<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Vary from society to society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Biological exogamy<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>Relatively less genetically related partners. ie. Outbreeding&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Benefits&nbsp;&#8211; avoid defective genes&nbsp; &amp; genetic diversty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Socio cultural exogamy<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\n<ul>\n<li>specific clan, totem, class etc.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Levi Strauss<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0<strong><u>Alliance theory<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0\u2192 build alliance\n<ul>\n<li>restricted exchange<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Malinowski<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;\u2192&nbsp;<strong><u>Role theory&nbsp;<\/u><\/strong>\u2192&nbsp; To avoid confusion &amp; Conflict over role &amp; prevent social order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<div data-post-id=\"113\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-113 \"><h1 class='insert-page-title'>Hypergamy (Anuloma)<\/h1>\n<p>It is&nbsp; norm or practice of person marrying a spouse of higher caste or social status than themselves. Thus it is a type of&nbsp;<strong>preferential marriage<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>i.e Wife Receiver is superior than wife giver.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Reason<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; found in society where notion of hierarchy prevails. E.g caste system in India make society stratified \u2192 limits on choice of spouse.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-1024x334.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-115\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-1024x334.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-768x251.png 768w, https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-1536x501.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image-10-2048x668.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>If women \u2192&nbsp; high caste \u2192&nbsp; marries low caste man loses caste status \u2192 beoz e degree of ritual purity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>But man \u2192 does not looses by marying low caste woman \u2192&nbsp; though his children would suffer partial lowering from father&#8217;s caste status&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>extravagent dowry accompany the bride ; to superior&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus, to prevent woman losing a caste &#038; become impure\n<ul>\n<li>Many &amp; other ancient law givers Prescribed&nbsp;<strong>Anuloma&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mechanism as to prevent hindu ideological equivalent gene pool from<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In return, wife giver, does not expect wive themselves but they,&nbsp;<strong>improve for their rank &amp; prestige,&nbsp;<\/strong>found in society where reflected the&nbsp;<strong><u>commensalism<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus also&nbsp;<strong>strategy by subcastes to improve rank.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Example<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; practised in history in India, imperial china, ancient greece, ottomon empire, federal europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Consequences<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>consolidate affinal relationship &amp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>create system of assymetrica m\u2019age alliance.\n<ul>\n<li>Woman accumulated at top of hierarchy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where infanticide, polygyny, enforced Spinsterhood &amp; m\u2019age at far away would ensure a demand of woman from below<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thus it reflects socio-economic condition in general &amp; poor condition of women in population.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<div data-post-id=\"117\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-117 \"><h1 class='insert-page-title'>Hypogamy (Pratiloma)<\/h1>\n<p>It a form of marriage norm or practice or marring a spouse of lower caste (or social status) than oneself.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>not permitted due to social consequence of such m\u2019age (esp for woman to Mary low caste man&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Explanation<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Explained by&nbsp;<strong><u>Edmond Leach<\/u><\/strong>for&nbsp;<strong>Kachin of Burma<\/strong>&nbsp;&amp; some part of India.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M\u2019age payment<\/strong>&nbsp;from wife receive to wife giver but&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>but&nbsp;<\/strong>wife receiver will not elevate his status or prestige&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creates permanent status differences b\/w wife giver &amp; receiver.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leach<\/strong>&nbsp;links this&nbsp;<strong>form of anisogamy<\/strong>&nbsp;to his&nbsp;<strong>Theory of Harmonic &amp; Disharmonic Regimes<\/strong>&nbsp;claiming that hypo-gamy creates&nbsp;instability in patrilineal system. He represent hypo-gamy as structural phenomenon which represents tension b\/w maternal &amp; paternal ties.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Consequences of Such System<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong><u>Brahmin Girls<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; either give huge dowries or choose b\/w polygyny or spinsterhood \/ bachelorhood\n<ul>\n<li>E.g\u00a0<strong><u>Kulin Brahmin (WB)<\/u><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Young men took several wives &amp; vista them in their houses&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If problem of financial insolvency then spinsterhood only option for girls.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><u>Lower Caste Men (Sudra)<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; High bride price\n<ul>\n<li>Males \u2192 either pay huge bride price or choices&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evolution of m\u2019age by capture&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Hypogamy Taboo<\/u><\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; Not permitted due to social consequences of such m\u2019age&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><u>Result of Hypogamy Taboo<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Huge dowries for marrying out a daughter in higher caste family&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polygamy &amp; forced spinsterhood in Brahmins Families&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dislike for female child in higher castes&nbsp;<\/strong>&amp; consequent&nbsp;<strong>female infanticide<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Though prohibited in ancient times, but some evidences are there. Eg Mention in Vedas about m\u2019age of&nbsp;<strong>daughter of Shukracharya, Devyani&nbsp;<\/strong>was allowed with&nbsp;<strong>Kshtriya King Yayati&nbsp;<\/strong>(lower caste Man)&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u2019age is one of the oldest social institution existing since time of&nbsp;H.Erectus. Due to it\u2019s&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9,6],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Laws of Marriage - Marriage Regulation - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2024\/02\/14\/laws-of-marriage-marriage-regulation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Laws of Marriage - Marriage Regulation - Observing The Mortals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"M\u2019age is one of the oldest social institution existing since time of&nbsp;H.Erectus. 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