{"id":119,"date":"2024-02-14T21:19:36","date_gmt":"2024-02-14T21:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/?p=119"},"modified":"2024-02-14T21:19:36","modified_gmt":"2024-02-14T21:19:36","slug":"types-forms-of-marriage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2024\/02\/14\/types-forms-of-marriage\/","title":{"rendered":"Types & Forms of Marriage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Marriage is universal institution in humanity but its from varies from society to society. Broadly three types of marriageare found which are based <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Based on no. Of supposes<\/u><\/strong>\n
      \n
    • Monogamy<\/u><\/strong>\n
        \n
      • Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Non-Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Polygamy<\/u><\/strong>\n
          \n
        • Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\n
            \n
          • Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Non-Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Polyandry<\/u><\/strong>\n
              \n
            • Fraternal or Adelhie Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Non-Fraternal or Non-Adelphic Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Familial Polyandry<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Based on Rules<\/u><\/strong>\n
                \n
              • Prescriptive Marriage<\/u><\/strong> – Exogamy , Endogamy <\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Preferential Marriage<\/u><\/strong> – Cousin Marriage, Levirate & Sororate <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Based on rarity<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n

                Monogramy<\/h1>\n

                It refers to marriage in which one husband & one wife are tied with marital bond.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                Example<\/u><\/strong> – It is found mainly in modern or complex societies.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Khasi, Santhal & kadar <\/strong>– due to rules of mating <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Features & Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • Family stability & equilibrium are advantage of monogamy <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Economic & population factors in the society tend to limit the number of spouses <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Preferential or prescribed forms of mating limit the no of possible marital linkage e.g Khasi, Santhal & Kadar <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • High rate of bride price \u2192 limits no of spouse <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                    Types of Monogamy<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0– It is monogamy characterising the western society\n
                        \n
                      • Consist of pattern of m\u2019age, divorce & another m\u2019age i.e One at a time<\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Thus although an Individual is married to only one person a time, over a numbers of year he\/she may have had no of spouses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Non – Serial Monogamy<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0– It refers to life time monogamy\n
                          \n
                        • Mostly in hindu society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n

                          Polygamy<\/h1>\n

                          It refers to a marriage to more than one person i.e plurality of husbands & wives in marital bonds\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                          Example<\/u><\/strong> – it is fairy widespread all over the world ; <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          • In tribal Indian <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                            Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            • Polygyny<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Polyandry <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                              Polygyny<\/h1>\n

                              it refers to marriage in which\u00a0one common husband\u00a0is engaged in marital ties with more than one wife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n
                              • Features of such societies – hunter gathers, frequent warfare, primitive agri, horticulture & high role of women in subsistence <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Example<\/u><\/strong> – The Baiga, Naga, Gonds & Toda, Naga <\/strong>\n
                                  \n
                                • In Pre independent Bengal, practice of Hypergamy leas to polygyny <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • More wives in Nagas<\/strong> \u2192 status symbol \u2192 heroism <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • More women \u2192 \u2191 child \u2192 more labour i.e Economic pragmatism ; African tribes<\/strong> & central Indian tribes<\/strong> like Santhal<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Types of Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Non Sororal Polygyny<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                    Sororal Polygyny<\/h1>\n

                                    Marriage in which a man is married to two nor more sisters.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                    <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

                                    Non Sororal Polygyny<\/h1>\n

                                    Marriage in which wives are not related as sisters.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n

                                    Polyandry<\/h1>\n

                                    It refers to marriage in which more than one\u00a0 husbands are engaged in marital ties with a single common wife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                      \n
                                    • Found mainly in societies with female infanticide, minimum role in subsistence & mainly involved in childbearing & socialisation <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • In Society with high bride price <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Example<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0– It is comparatively restricted in its distribution\n
                                        \n
                                      • Found in Central & NE Himalayan religion or less whole in the Himalayan region <\/strong>of N-W to Eastern Himalaya <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Tribes<\/strong> – Tibetans, Khasa, Toda, Ladakhi bota & Nayar<\/strong> etc <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Types<\/u><\/strong>\n
                                          \n
                                        • Adelphic \/ Fraternal Polyandry<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Non-Fraternal or Non-Adelphic Polyandry<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Familial Polyandry<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                          Adelphic or Faternal Polyandry<\/h1>\n

                                          when serval brothers share same wife\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                            \n
                                          • Tibetan & Khasa of Jaunsar – Dehradoon – <\/strong>Due to economic reasons ; to avoid population pressure on & division of land as scarcity of land. Eldest bro marry & girl automatic wife of all\n
                                              \n
                                            • In this fatherhood goes to eldest brother <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Toda – <\/strong>due to religious regions belief of female infanticide prevalent \u2192 sacrificed to goddess \u2192 female imbalance\n
                                                \n
                                              • Fatherhood voluntary<\/strong> ; performer of bow & arrow ceremony <\/u><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Ladakhi Bota\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n

                                                Non-Fraternal or Non-Adelphic Polyandry<\/h1>\n

                                                Here husband are not brothers of each other<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                  \n
                                                • E.g Nayar of Kerala – <\/strong>are matrilineal warrior tribe<\/strong> \u2192 \u2642 on frontier \u2192 adult \u2640 after formally tieiing knot with ritual husband can havae r\/l with other males c\/l visiting husband. <\/strong>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  • Ritual husband enjoy status of father\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n

                                                    Familial Polyandry<\/h1>\n

                                                    A female married to father & some simultaneously. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                                    \u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n

                                                    Cousin Marriages<\/h1>

                                                    Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/h1>\n

                                                    It is the marriage b\/w children of siblings of same sex<\/strong> i.e marriage of offspring of persons of same gender of same generation having common parents. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. Paternal Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0– m\u2019age with father\u2019s brother\u2019s daughter\n
                                                        \n
                                                      • Although parallel cousins m\u2019age are very rate,<\/strong> even among them Paternal parallel cousins m\u2019age are common. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                      • Maternal Parallel Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> – m\u2019age with mother\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                                                        Example<\/u><\/strong> – prohibited in 80% to 85% of societies of world due to rules of incest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                          \n
                                                        • Largely confined to Arabic World. <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                        • Also found in Central Indian Tribes <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                          Reason<\/u><\/strong> – As in pastoral life, conflict b\/w group & theft of animals common ; so such m\u2019age <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            \n
                                                          • by consolidating the group – \u2191 survival of groups <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • Economic pragmatism <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                          • Retention of purity of blood  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n

                                                            Cross Cousin Marriage<\/h1>\n

                                                            It is types of m\u2019age b\/w children of sibling of opposite sex i.e m\u2019age between offspring of persons of diff genders of same generation having common patent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            Types<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                            \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • Paternal Cross Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> – m\u2019age with father\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter<\/strong> e.g Chippewa Indians <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                            • Maternal Cross Cousin Marriage<\/u><\/strong> – m\u2019age with mother\u2019s brother\u2019s daughter e.g Lovedu<\/strong> of South Africa, Kachin<\/strong>of Burma <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                              Examples<\/u><\/strong> – Discontinuously distributed all over the world & very common in South India.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • Gonds, Bhils, Mikir (Assam) , Chippewa Indian<\/strong>s etc <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • Permanent & closer relationships ; Tribal societies \u2192 close socio-economic co-op<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                • Return of bride money\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                                                  \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                                                  among\u00a0Gonds<\/u><\/strong>, Known as\u00a0Dudh Lotwana\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n

                                                                  Levirate & Sororate<\/h1>\n

                                                                  These two types of m\u2019age rules involve special cases of m\u2019age regulation. They go into effect following the death of one of the spouses<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • Occurs with polygyny, patrilocal residence & patrilineal descent. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                  • Sometimes it is the natural extension of sororal polygamy e.g Arapaho<\/strong> & other plains of Middle East <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n

                                                                    Levirate<\/h1>\n

                                                                    It is the practice of marrying\u00a0decreased husband\u2019s brother.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                                                    Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • It\u2019s a kind of secondary m\u2019age <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                    • need for a legal heir for the decreased if the primary concern\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      • A man\u2019s exercise with his levirate duties establishes his claim on his deceased brother\u2019s property. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • It often coincides with polygyny. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                      • Ensures<\/u><\/strong>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        • Permanent relations & alliance <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • Stops return of bride price <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • Question of children upbringing <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • Right over decreased bro\u2019s property <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • Widow ; socio-Economic support <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                        • Continuity of line if man dies childless. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                          Examples<\/u><\/strong> – <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • Very much common in Middle East <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                          • e.g Santhal, ho Saora, Bhuiya, Manda <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                            Junior Levirate<\/u><\/strong> -Special type of Levirate when the m\u2019age of the deceased brother\u2019s wife<\/strong> is restricted to younger brother. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

                                                                            Sororate<\/h1>\n

                                                                            Sororate is Complementary to the practice of levirate. It is the practice of\u00a0marrying sister of deceased wife.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                            \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            • Term also applies when husband of childless woman is given to her sister for m\u2019age in which children born to 2nd are considered as children of childless women. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                              Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • Serve useful Social function <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                              • ensure that man who has handed over the Bride price shall have a privilege he is entitled to, like the services of a wife. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • Gond & Kharia Tribe <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                • Arapaho & other plains of Middle East <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n

                                                                                  Rare Types of Marriage<\/h1>\n

                                                                                  Uncle Niece Marriage <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  It is the practice of marriage deceased wife\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                  \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • E.g Among South Indian Tribes <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    Sister Exchange or Exchange of Females<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    In this practice a sister or female relatives of the groom is exchanged for the bride.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                    Reasons<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • In horticultural, egalitarian societies the contribution of women is highe<\/strong>r & hence a woman is compensated for other <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                    • Also when economic aspects dominate, like in societies with dowry \/bride price, compensation has to be paid for women i.e Compensatory device in terms of bride price<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                      Example<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      • Ex. Horticultural, egalitarian societies like TIV of West Africa & Yanamamo of Venezuela<\/strong> – Brazil have high status of women<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • Ex – Nirankaris<\/strong> have sister exchange  Due to economic aspect <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      • Eg. Urulis, Malapunduram <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        Fictive Marriage <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                        Ghost & Mono-sexual m\u2019age among African tribes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        • e.g – Rodi Marriage Among Gurung Tribe, Nuer Tribe  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                          Adoptive Marriage <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                          It is the practice in which the family adopt son in law as son<\/strong> & marry daughter to them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          • e.g ins one Families in Japan<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            Group Marriage <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            This concept is related to primitive promiscuity for sexual communism. <\/strong>It refers to a type of m\u2019age in which the right & obligation of m\u2019age r\/l are held in common among the group men & women. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                            Features<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            • it is m\u2019age of two or more women with two or more men at a time <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                            • I.e the marriage in which sets of males & sets of females share equal rights over each other, <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              Example<\/u><\/strong> – Marquesans of Polynesia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                              Origin<\/u><\/strong> – <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              • Classical evolutionist, L.H Morgan<\/u><\/strong> held that this was the earliest form of m\u2019age <\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                                                              • As Group m\u2019age can\u2019t lead to the establishment of well-defined family, so many \u24c5 like Rivers<\/u><\/strong> argued this form of m\u2019age never existed in any society. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

                                                                                                Conclusion of Types of M\u2019age<\/u><\/strong>\u00a0– To conclude it can be said that m\u2019age is universal biopsychic phenomenon which serves different purposes. Though different types of marriage exist, monogamy is the commonest type of m\u2019age in today\u2019s modern society.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                                                                Marriage is universal institution in humanity but its from varies from society to society. Broadly three…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,9],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nTypes & Forms of Marriage - Observing The Mortals<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.observingthemortals.com\/index.php\/2024\/02\/14\/types-forms-of-marriage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Types & Forms of Marriage - Observing The Mortals\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Marriage is universal institution in humanity but its from varies from society to society. 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